SYNTHESIS OF ESTERS USING GREEN AND NON-GREEN CHEMISTRY Abstract Esters are a class of organic compounds with the general formula RCOOR’. Ester also contributes the flavor and aromas in fruits and flowers. The esterification reactions will use in the procedure‚ which are the interaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol‚ aided by an inorganic acid catalyst (H2SO4). Moreover‚ the green method will not use any catalyst but using heating source instead (microwave). Based on the comparison of
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for natural healing since they possess no side-effects to the health. Below is a list of some natural healing essential oils along with their health benefits. 1. Vetivert Oil Vertivert essential oil comes from the roots and is obtained through distillation. This essential oil is mostly used in the perfume industry due to its long-lasting woody fragrance. It is also known as the oil of tranquility in the east and is used for meditation purposes. Vertivert essential oil is used for several cases. For
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drinking‚ irrigation‚ or industrial uses. The principal methods used for desalination include distillation (or evaporation)‚ electrodialysis‚ freezing‚ ion exchange‚ and reverse osmosis. In distillation saltwater is heated in one container to make the water evaporate‚ leaving the salt behind. The desalinated vapor is then condensed to form water in a separate container. Although long known‚ distillation has found limited application in water supply because of the fuel costs involved in converting
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TITLE Ohmic Heated Hydrodistillation of ‘Serai Wangi’. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Overview Hydrodistillation is a method to extract essential oil from various plant materials and was used to separate essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemongrass). Mostly used by small scale producers of essential oils. In hydrodistillation the plant material is almost entirely covered with water as suspension in the still which is placed on a furnace. Water is made to boil and essential oil is carried
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which you review your work and learn from it Distillation: In which you decide which of your ideas to work on Incubation: In which you leave the work alone Perspiration: In which you work determindedly on your best ideas To make best use of the creative process: • Each phase should be visited many times (in no particular order)‚ sometimes for a very short time. • You need to adopt the right phase at the right time. For example‚ no amount of distillation can help if what you need is clarification
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much better leaving group (H2O+). Then once the H2O and the H+ are eliminated the reaction yields an alkene in which the un-protonated alcohol serves as the reaction solvent. This experiment then called for the distillation of this mixture‚ using a distillation apparatus. As this distillation took place the products‚ alkenes and water continuously distilled from the reaction mixture into a Hickman still as they were formed. The removal of these elements shifted the equilibrium to the right‚ ultimately
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Business Opportunity Originated‚ Screened and Confirmed Viable: Water desalination is the removal of salts and dissolved solids from saline water (brackish or seawater)‚ also known as Desalting or Desalinization. In addition to the removal of minerals‚ the process removes most biological or organic chemical compounds. Desalination systems have been used to supply potable water for coastal communities and urban centers in more than 40 countries. Desalination plants operate in almost all of the world’s
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reaction was acid catalyzed dehydration of alcohol and with catalyst sulfuric acid cyclohexene was obtained from cyclohexanol. And the product was obtained from the simple distillation and later it was reacted with bromine and potassium permanganate. The observations and results were all recorded. Simple distillation was used for distillation technique‚ and the distillate was seperated into test tubes‚ and to the one of them‚ bromine was added‚ and to the another potassium permanganate was added. Permanganate’s
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CHEMISTRY ISU: REFINEMENT OF CRUDE OIL My ISU will focus on Petroleum‚ a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occurs in the Earth in liquid‚ gaseous‚ or solid forms. The term is usually restricted to the liquid form‚ commonly called crude oil‚ but as a technical term it also includes natural gas and the viscous or solid form known as bitumen. In its liquid and gaseous states‚ it is also known as Oil‚ or Crude Oil. Italicized are segments from my ISU or introductions to the planned topics.
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additives will react when mixed. Both waters are purified water. Neither is ideal as a drinking water. If choosing one over the other‚ the non-drinking use must be the primary consideration. Distilled Water The most common forms of water distillation involve cooking a source water (usually tap water) to produce a water vapour. This water vapour is captured and cooled to form a condensate. The condensate is distilled water. This process separates out pure water from disinfectants in tap water
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