DEHYDRATION OF 4-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL PURPOSE Perform an acid-catalyzed dehydration of 4-methylcyclohexanol to produce 4-methycyclohexene. TECHNIQUES • Dehydration of an alcohol • Preparation of an alkene • Distillation • Unsaturation tests THEORY An acid-catalyzed dehydration is a common way to synthesize an alkene from an alcohol. Use of a strong acid like sulfuric or phosphoric acid serves to protonate the alcohol "OH" group‚ forming an H2O molecule that is a much better leaving group
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3.1.1 Identify that matter is made of particles that are continuously moving and interacting The particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles and they are constantly moving/continual state of motion. 1.1.2 Identify the difference between elements‚ compounds and mixtures in terms of particle theory Elements are simplest form substance meaning cannot be decomposed further physically or chemically. They are made up of same type of atoms only e.g. helium‚ oxygen. Compounds
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experiment allowed us to obtain the right numbers for our calculations. Mixture is defined as a substance made by mixing other substances together‚ in this case we will be dealing with salt and sand of course to undergo the process of separation. Distillation‚ Filtration‚ and Chromatography are known alternatives to separate the
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Arabic word ‘ al-kohl’ which referred to any fine powder that was applied to essences obtained by distillation by the alchemists of medieval Europe. Fermentation is the process in which a liquid containing sugar is acted upon by yeast which converts the sugar into alcohol and gives off carbon dioxide. * E.g. Grape juice- Wine * Apple Juice- Cider * Pear Juice- Perry * Distillation is the process of separating
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The extraction of Bio-ethanol from banana and apple peelings through the process of Fermentation and Distillation Purpose & Hypothesis The main purpose of the experiment was to observe if the common household wastes apple and banana peelings- were suitable to be used as another source for production of bio-ethanol It was hypothesized that the banana peelings would produce more bio-ethanol than the apple peelings due to its greater amount of sugar Ethanol‚ which is also known as ethyl alcohol
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COVENANT UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY COURSE TITLE: General Organic Chemistry COURSE CODE: CHM 121 ‚ UNIT: 2.0 . INTRODUCTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon. Carbon compounds are far more numerous than those of other elements because carbon are able to bond together to form a wide range of chains and rings. The subject is named organic chemistry because living organisms are composed
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alcohol and 5 tablespoons of potassium sorbate. The usage of potassium sorbate is significant because it serves as a preservative for the durian fruit. After 18-24 hours‚ the liquid was then distilled so that the extract can be acquired. When the distillation process was complete‚ the extract was transferred into recycled Yakult containers then distributed to 30 respondents for them to test in their different households. In general‚ the product was tested in places that possess an appalling odor such
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boiled before either pure substance would normally boil. Since many essential oils contain liquids that may not survive heating at higher temperatures‚ steam distillation is an especially advantageous technique for isolating them because their immiscible mixture with water boils below 100
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During the wash of the organic layer‚ two distinct layers appeared‚ a yellow and a clear. The drying process took around 20 minutes through gravity filtration. The distillation process took around 15 to 20 minutes to begin boiling at 137˚ C and stay at 140˚ C for the remainder of distillation. After reaching optimum temperature distillation was complete within ten minutes. After the experiment was completed the final product was 97% ester‚ 3% alcohol. Compound | Percent Total | Isopentyl Acetate
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substitution reaction in addition with Hydrogen Chloride in order to isolate the product. A variety of procedural techniques were utilized during the experiment including extraction‚ washing liquids‚ drying liquids‚ gravity filtration‚ and simple distillation. When a single solute or compound is transferred between two different solutes‚ it is known as extraction. Another technique that was utilized was washing‚ in which impurities in a compound are removed through phase transfer. For example‚ water
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