continued. At this point an oily layer was on top of the liquid in the flask used. This was the resulting azeotrope. The distillation apparatus was reassembled and the mixture was distilled until no more oil layer was on top of the mixture. The boiling point range of this azeotrope was recorded and found to be around 78°C. What was left in the collection vial after distillation were two layers of liquid; organic and non-organic layers. The two layers were transferred to a reaction tube and salted
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BIOFERTILIZER: The pathophysiology of the Tuberculin reaction is explained thus: M. Tuberculi are engulfed by macrophages after being identified as foreign‚ but due to a self- preserving mechanism peculiar to TB it is able to block the fusion of the phagosome within which it is existing with the lysosome which would destroy it. So it can continue existing and replicating within the immune cell designed to destroy it. After several weeks‚ the immune system somehow [ mechanism as yet unexplained]
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easily and has high calorific value. It is used to make other fuels like coal gas‚ synthetic petrol‚ methane and coke Coal is used in the manufacture of industrially useful compounds like benzene‚ phenol‚ naphthalene‚ etc. Ø Destructive Distillation of Coal: On strong heating coal in a closed tube it breaks down into different components such as coal gas‚ coal tar‚
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extraction a) Cold extraction: In this extraction 100grams of plant powdered root was suspended in 1000 ml methanol and shake it well and keep it for 15 days. This type of the extraction was collected and dried the extraction by removing solvent from distillation under reduced pressure. b) Hot extraction : In this extraction also 100gm powdered root was subjected to hot extraction. In this extraction the solvents are used polarity wise such as‚ Sl no: Solvents Polarity 1 Pet. Ether 0.1 2 Chloroform 4
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“1.4 billion people now lack sufficient clean drinking water‚ and seven million a year die from the disease linked to unsanitary water. The problem is getting worse: an estimated 20 percent more water than is now available will be needed to supply the needs of the three billion additional human beings who will be alive by 2025” (Geddes). Recently the drought issue is becoming worse. In the article‚ “The Ocean’s Greatest Gift” by Kurt Stehling‚ he claims the world should use the nearby ocean to solve
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liquids‚ but throughout testing if a chemical reaction occurs with your unknown it is necessary to compare its properties to its original stature. Prior to any testing the unknown sample should be purified through some form of distillation to ensure accuracy and precision. Distillation is the process of vaporizing a liquid‚ condensing the vapor‚ and collecting the condensate in another container(2) . The technique is useful in separating liquid components that have different boiling points (impurities)
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remove lead dissolved into water. Many of them are expensive and/or very industrial. Due to my circumstances‚ I chose five that were somewhat doable. The five methods are coagulation‚ carbon filtering‚ reverse osmosis‚ ground coffee filtering‚ and distillation. Coagulation was done by using a flocculant (aluminum sulfate) that clump small‚ destabilized particles together so that it could be easy separated from the water. Carbon filtering is a common way of removing impurities from water. At industrial
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alkene and water were produced and co-distilled into a collection vial. As in any distillation‚ unless precautions are taken‚ some of the product would have been lost as hold-up in the apparatus. Hold-up would result in a reduced yield of product. To overcome this problem and to ensure that a maximum amount of product is distilled‚ a higher boiling "chaser" solvent was added to the distillation flask and the distillation is continued until the temperature rose well over the BP of cyclohexene. At this
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Globalisation and Indian Economy Report India ’s Intra-SAARC Trade Position During The Last Decade (2002-2011) GROUP 7 INTRODUCTION SAARC The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organisation of South Asian nations‚ which was established on 8 December 1985 when the government of Bangladesh‚ Bhutan‚ India‚ Maldives‚ Nepal‚ Pakistan‚ and Sri Lanka formally adopted its charter providing for the promotion of economic and social progress‚ cultural development within
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vertically in the neck since any escaping vapours condense and run back into the flask‚ by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic acid and an acid catalyst. The product was isolated using a combination of techniques -- acid-base extraction‚ drying‚ and distillation -- and was characterized by its boiling temperature and its refractive index. Esterification is a condensation reaction where two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the simultaneous loss of water. This ester in this
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