Langue and Parole John Phillips The distinction between the French words‚ langue (language or tongue) and parole (speech)‚ enters the vocabulary of theoretical linguistics with Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics‚ which was published posthumously in 1915 after having been collocated from student notes. La langue denotes the abstract systematic principles of a language‚ without which no meaningful utterance (parole) would be possible. The Course manifests a shift from the search
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good life no longer exist. That makes the “post”-traditions (especially‚ postmodernism and poststructuralism) skeptical of grand (or meta-) narratives as Marxism. The prefix “post” signifies that these newest traditions emerged after modernity‚ structuralism or colonialism and also as a protest‚ negation of and rupture with past traditions. Let us look upon the three major “post”-traditions ’’ postmodernism‚ poststructuralism and postcolonialism and compare them with the critical traditions. Postmodernism
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who revolutionized literary criticism between 1914 and the 1930s by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature. Russian formalism exerted a major influence on thinkers like Mikhail Bakhtin and Yuri Lotman‚ and on structuralism as a whole. The movement’s members had a relevant influence on modern literary criticism‚ as it developed in the structuralist and post-structuralist periods. Under Stalin it became a pejorative term for elitist art. A school of literary theory
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Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who laid the foundation on the ideas of structure in the study of language. His Book Course in General Linguistics that was published in 1916 has detailed all that he claimed to be his views. In his book Saussure shows us a clear reaction against many of the ideas raised and he emphasizes the importance of seeing language as a living phenomenon as against the historical view‚ of studying speech‚ of analysing the underlying system of a language in order to
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Jacques Lacan (1901-1981) is one of the most influential thinkers in the field of psychoanalysis. He uses the notions developed by Ferdinand de Saussure in the field of linguistics and structuralism and theories of Sigmund Freud in the field of psychoanalysis to explain human psyche. His theories can be extended to the field of literary criticism‚ in an attempt to reveal the mental aspect of the writer and reader in the literature. In this paper‚ I will reintroduce some of the key concepts of Lacan
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STRUCTURALISM IN LINGUISTICS Introduction It is not my purpose here to give a historical treatment of linguistic ideas‚ nor it to distinguish and analyze the various approaches and schools of thought generally subsumed under the heading of Structuralism. Rather‚ I propose to look at the general features characterizing structuralism as seen and treated by structuralists and further to see how it has come to be viewed by Chomsky and other transformationalists. Structuralism in linguistics has come
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critics’ analyses. Due to the fact that Sag-e Velgard is one of the most noticeable works of him‚ many researches‚ around the subjects such as cultural and political criticism of the time that it was written and also criticizing the story based on structuralism‚ have been done. For instance two works of Homa Katouzian such as a research paper named Man and Animal in Hedayat’s “Stray Dog” and also a book called Sadeq Hedayat : the life and literature of an Iranian writer can be mentioned. Many books around
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Marxism and Structuralism: • Marx concerned with causes of conflict in society and believed that it was the result of struggle between different socio-economic classes. • saying capitalism as a bondage from which people strive to be liberated. • Theory of history based on historical materialism‚ where the system of economic production determined structures of society. All history was the history of class struggle between a ruling group‚ from which [came] a new economic‚ political and social
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and see language as especially elusive and unfaithful. Therefore‚ close reading‚ in which text itself is the only focus‚ is not a preferable practice in poststructuralism. Much of poststructuralism involves undoing‚ i.e. deconstruction. Unlike structuralism and New Criticism‚ deconstruction denies that the verbal world adds up to anything coherent‚ consistent‚ or meaningful in itself. The similarity between the two approaches on the role of the author Both New Criticism and Poststructuralism
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Deconstruction is the name of a method of critique developed by Jacques Derrida (1930-2006)‚ a French philosopher whose writing is central to the emergence of the post- Structuralim. In 1967‚ he published three books that effectively put an end to structuralism and launched a new era in French intellectual life. The books were Writing and Difference‚a collection of essays on philosophy and literature Of Grammatology‚which includes writings on Claude Levi Strauss‚ Saussure and Rousseau and Speech and
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