Johnson COM/155 03/17/2013 University of Phoenix Bacteria and Viruses Almost 56‚000 people are hospitalized each year‚ and over 1‚300 die because of food borne bacteria and virus microbes. Bacteria and viruses are tiny microscopic pathogens that can cause infectious disease‚ or even result in death. “Infectious diseases remain a major cause of death‚ disability‚ social‚ and economic disorders for millions of people around the world. Poor health care‚ poverty‚ human migration
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Eukaryotic cells have numerous mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogens. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against these pathogens. Pattern associated molecular factors (PAMPs) are viral factors including proteins‚ lipids‚ and viral nucleic acids that are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) within the cell. During viral infection‚ PAMPs accumulate in different cellular components and once recognized by the PRRs activate the intracellular signaling pathways
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on it. Other phylloplanes used in this study such as Botrytis sp.‚ Pleurothecium sp. and Staphylotrichum sp. exhibited weak antagonism on the pathogen while Gonatorrhodiella sp. and Syncephalastrum sp. showed different levels of zones of inhibition with the pathogen. Metabolites produced by Gonatorrhodiella sp. and Syncephalastrum sp. affected the pathogen by antibiosis. This finding showed that Trichocladium sp. and Trichophyton sp. exhibited the highest antagonistic effects on C. gloeosporioides
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Kurita N.‚ Makoto M.‚ Kurane R. and Takahara Y. 1981. Antifungal activity of components of essential oils. Agric. Biol. Chem. 45: 945-952. Mahesh B. and Satish S. 2008. Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plants against plant and human pathogens. World J. Agric. Sci. 4: 839-843. Meena A. K.‚ Kaur R.‚ Singh B.‚ Yadav A. K.‚ Singh U.‚ Sachan A.‚ Pal B. and Rao M. M. 2009. Review on antifungal activities of Ayurvedic medicinal plants. Drug Invention Today. 2: 146-148. Menghini A.‚ Savino A
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differ with different fungi. Coating plant stems with antagonists or with antagonist extracts reduce the severity of the disease but not prevent it in all tested pathogens. Keywords: pathogen‚ antagonist‚ antibiotic INTRODUCTION Plant diseases play a direct role in the destruction of natural resources in agriculture. In particular‚ pathogens cause important losses‚ fungi being the most aggressive. Chemical compounds have been used to control plant diseases (chemical control)‚ but abuse in their employment
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Induction of Resistance in Abaca Against Wilt Disease Complex caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) and Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et. al. Using Chemical and Biological Elicitors Abstract Resistance in plants has been reported to be inducible using biological and or chemical elicitors. Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt diseases are two major diseases hampering abaca production in the Philippines. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biological
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Management of soil borne diseases mainly involves use of preventive measures because it is harder to control the disease once established. Thiram and carbendazim are used in majority of the crops as seed dress fungicides against a wide variety of pathogens. The efficacy of the rates of these two fungicides against Fusarium wilt of chickpea was evaluated at four levels (0%‚ 50%‚ 100% and 150%) of the recommended rate
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Diseases of melon ( Cucumis melo ) in Arizona Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria leaf spot is caused by the fungus Alternaria. The fungus produces dark‚ multicelled spores on host tissue only when there is substantial moisture‚ usually during summer rains. The spores are easily carried in wind and splashing water and infect only the leaves. Brown necrotic spots appear on the leaves wherever spores germinate and infect leaf tissue (photo 1). Spots are small at first then may enlarge and coalesce to
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Pest and diseases and control measures Introduction Since man started to live on agriculture‚ he has to involve in a constant struggle to protect crops from other animal and adverse environmental conditions. In order to get a maximum crop production and profit from the cultivation farmer has to pay a special attention and bare an additional cost for crop protection even today. Crop protection has become even more important due to the introduction of high yielding crop species. Pest and diseases
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TAQ1 Definition of Pathogen and research into the main features of bacteria‚ protozoa‚ fungi and viruses. Pathogens‚ or infectious agents‚ are microorganisms that cause disease or illness to their host. There are divided into four groups; bacteria‚ protozoa‚ fungi and viruses. The term pathogen most often describes an organism that disrupts the normal physiology of a plant or animal. In identifying a pathogen it is important to determine the properties that ‘contribute to its infectious
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