teeth‚ bone marrow‚ and entire central nervous system. Lymphatic capillaries are very permeable. The endothelial cells that make up the walls of the capillaries are not tightly joined. Filament anchor the endothelium cells so they can expand. Pathogens can spread through the body through the lymphatic stream. There are many cells in the lymphoid tissue. One type is lymphocytes‚ which are referred to often as T or B cells. Plasma cells are antibody-producing offspring of B cells. Macrophages
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Approximately 40 million people in worldwide are infected with this virus (19). Persons who infected with the HIV is likely to be at risk for other infectious pathogens‚ such as HCV. Both of these pathogens can infect people through a similar ways for example‚ sexual intercourse‚ intravenous drug abuse‚ blood transfusions and from a mother to her child. Due to the common route of transmission of infection with these two viruses‚ people
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Louis Pasteur was studying molecules of tartrate‚ which are salt molecules that tend to separate from a fermented product. While doing so he created a revolutionary hypothesis that tartrate was comprised of two salt molecules with similar physical and chemical characteristics‚ that differed in shape and also in their own solution had different light polarization in opposite directions. This told him that the spatial arrangement of these two molecules‚ that was made up of the same type of bonds and
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more mature than a baby’s over time the mother has had the opportunity to build resistance to many disease causing pathogens. This protection is passed to the infant in the form of antibodies in breastmilk. Colostrum is particularly high in antibodies. Mother’s pick up microorganisms from their infants through their close physical contact and produce antibodies to any possible pathogens the baby
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1. A. Define antimicrobials. a. Anti means against and opposite to‚ antimicrobials means that they are agents that kill and are against microorganisms to stop their growth. They are agents that are used to slow their growth and then kill the microbes that are the leading cause of an infection. The microbes are to stop with the growth and more reproduction of the organisms such like bacteria‚ fungus‚ viruses‚ and parasites. 2. Do all bacteria respond the same to a given antimicrobial? Explain
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be vancomycin resistant. Although‚ E. faecium is typically found in the gut of humans and animals it can be an opportunistic pathogen and may cause infection when the immune system has been damaged. Due to their ability to resist a variety of antibiotics and survive on inanimate objects for long periods of time‚ they have recently been termed an important nosocomial pathogen referred to as a “superbug”. Infections related to E. faecium include urinary tract infections‚ wound infections‚ and soft tissue
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List down 3 fungal disease which are available in Malaysia Num | Pathogen | Host plant | Identifications | Controls | 1 | Black Pod‚Phytophthora palmivora | Cocoa plant | Early symptoms: * Formation of watery spots on the fruit surface.Symptoms: * Spots grow and change color to brown and turn dark brown in color that covers the entire surface of the fruit. * Infection on the immature fruit caused overall seed rot * In wet weather‚ the formation of a spots of white sporangia can be seen
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other higher organisms has developed into an intricate network of responses to a panoply of invading organisms that challenge their hosts (Schmid-Hempel‚ 2008). This arms race originating from a dynamic and never-ending battle between hosts and pathogens (i.e. between proverbial “good guys” and “bad guys”)‚ where countermeasures and innovative strategies are being endlessly generated throughout evolutionary history‚ is considered the prime reason why our immune systems are so complex (Schmid-Hempel
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What Is Rickettsia? Rickettsia are bacteria‚ which are obligate intracellular parasites many disease-causing‚ that live in vertebrates and are transmitted by bloodsucking parasitic arthropods such as fleas ‚ lice and ticks. Rickettsias are named after their discoverer‚ the American pathologist Harold Taylor Ricketts‚ who died of typhus in Mexico after confirming the infectious agent of that rickettsial disease. Rickettsias unlike other bacteria‚ but like viruses‚ they require a living host (a living
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The Immune System - Overview We are surrounded by billions of bacteria and viruses. To many of them‚ a human being is like a walking smorgasbord‚ offering nearly limitless resources that they can use for energy and reproduction. Luckily for us‚ getting into the human body is not an easy task! From the point of view of these tiny organisms‚ a human is a bit like a fortress. The skin is thick and very hard to penetrate. In addition‚ the skin also produces a variety of substances that are harmful
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