ASBiology and Disease * Causes of disease * Pathogens Disease suggests a malfunction of the body or mind which has an adverse effect on good health For a micro-organism to be considered a pathogen it must * Gain entry to the host * Colonise the tissue of the host * Resist the defences of the host * Cause damage to the host tissues Pathogen Infection Disease Entry pathways * Gas exchange system * Digestive system Natural defences * Mucous layer
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INTRODUCTION A major obstacle in the successful treatment of cancer is the development of resistance mechanisms to drug treatment. Various cellular changes that have been implicated in the development of drug resistance in cancer cells include: the increased expressions of P-glycoprotein (a multidrug transport protein) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP-1); increased levels of the cellular detoxification protein‚ glutathione; and changes in the expression of apoptosis associated
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unknown substance‚ it responds to this threat by producing proteins called antibodies against the invaders. The antibodies will recognize and attack this foreign substance when they next encounter it. This "battle" is what causes the allergy symptoms. In food allergy the immune system mistakenly sees a harmless substance in the food as harmful‚ and churns out antibodies known as immunoglobulin to attack it. These antibodies will circulate in the blood‚ attached to special cells called mast cells‚
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A vaccine is a substance used as a preventive inoculation to obtain immunity from a specific disease‚ commonly using an innocuous form of the disease as an inactive pathogen to stimulate antibody production. Even though the first vaccine was created 215 years ago in 1796‚ many people today are still apprehensive about vaccines due to fear of vaccines’ negative side effects. This investigation studies whether vaccinations should be made mandatory or otherwise‚ considering both the negative and positive
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major flaws of mandatory AIDS testing is that "it provides people with a false sense of security."(Greig‚ p68) When one goes for AIDS testing or more accurately an HIV antibody test which is also know as the ELISA test (Kolodny‚ p42)‚ one tests for the presence of HIV antibodies not for the virus itself. Our bodies manufacture antibodies to fight against
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Pediatric Allergies By Jonas Wilson‚ Ing. Med. Allergies may be suspected in children who develop frequent rashes‚ or cough or sneeze often‚ or complain about upset tummies after consuming particular foods. Allergy or hypersensitivity‚ is an exaggerated immune response to a substance that would otherwise not elicit an immune reaction. Pediatric allergies occur when children are hypersensitive to harmless substances in food or the environment. In the United States‚ allergies are one of the most
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Genetic mechanisms influence type 1-hypersensitivity with strong hereditary linkage regarding the IgE response to allergens‚ which are usually environmental. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the primary antibody mediating this reaction. It is produced by plasma cells and circulates in small amounts in the blood. It usually takes repeated exposure to cause significantly high levels of IgE in the blood. Environmental pollutants may play a role by increasing
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outdoor activities in an area where this disease is common‚ can be an indicator for the presence of Lyme disease. In later stages‚ the disease is diagnosed by blood tests. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a laboratory tests use to detect antibodies.
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factor within the duration of EBV/infectious mononucleosis. Acquired (adaptive): Both cell (t-cells) and humoral (antibody) mediated immune responses are facilitated in this case. The humoral response is important for actually diagnosing infectious mononucleosis while the cell response is responsible for the virus’ replication and also some of the diseases symptoms. The antibodies IgA and IgM are found in higher populations of most
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I believe everyone should be vaccinated in their life and here is why. Vaccines cause your immune system to produce disease-fighting antibodies without causing the disease itself. Today‚ more than 20 serious human diseases can be prevented by vaccination. For some diseases‚ you need to be vaccinated only once in your life. For other diseases‚ such as measles‚ tetanus‚ and influenza‚ you may need to be vaccinated at regular intervals. Well‚ in the past‚ smallpox killed hundreds of millions of people
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