sometimes irreversible—process that involves the disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures. Since denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break the peptide bonds‚ the primary structure (sequence of amino acids) remains the same after a denaturation process. Denaturation disrupts the normal alpha-helix and beta sheets in a protein and uncoils it into a random shape. Generally‚ protein denaturation is to be avoided‚ since proteins are best studied as
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During protein digestion‚ a water molecule is added which breaks down the carbonyl-carbon-nitrogen sin the peptide bonds of proteins causing the liberation of amino acids. This process is referred to as proteolysis. Water molecules break down the carbonyl-carbon-nitrogen single bond (peptide bond) that holds single amino acid molecules together (Caroline Ritchie‚ 2013. This process is called hydrolysis and is catalysed by protease. The three main protease enzymes produced during digestion are pepsin
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and heavy metal ions is because they are made up of proteins. The food we eat is turned into energy by enzymes and then this energy is unlocked for use in the body. Enzymes have a range of molecular weights from 12000 to more than 1 million. The amino acid side chains on some of the enzymes are only used for activity while cofactors utilize additional chemical components. Enzymes work best at body temperature and they also have to have the correct pH. A catalyst is any substance which makes a
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The tert-butyl group has been broadly used to protect functional groups in natural product synthesis such as amino acid‚ peptide and protein chemistry [1]. The tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) group is known as protecting group for amides in organic synthesis. The introduction of BOC group improves the solubility of organic precursors and their processability in organic synthesizes [2]. The methyl substituted pyridine derivatives were widely reported for their various biological activities such as anxiolytic
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B I O L O G Y 130 INTRODUCTORY CELL BIOLOGY LECTURE NOTES Department of Biology University of Waterloo Fall‚ 2012 BIOL 130 LECTURE NOTES Fall‚ 2012 a Lecture Notes This booklet contains the notes that will be presented as part of the online modules. For copyright reasons‚ the figures that will be shown along with the notes cannot be reproduced. However‚ most of these figures come from the required course text‚ Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments‚ 6th edition
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Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis (Assignment 1) Start date Interim Deadline Date Final deadline Date Assessment criteria achieved P1; M1; D1; Assessor Feedback Target grade Working grade Assessor signature Date Assignment brief moderated by: J. Farnand Date: 10 June 2014 Assignment Internally Verified by: Date: Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
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Basic Problem: Jelly is made from protein‚ gelatin‚ this is dissolved in hot water and as it cools‚ it sets. For a childrens party it was decided to make some fruit jellies‚ these were made by putting sliced pineapple into the jelly before it set‚ the following observations were made: oThe jelly set normally when tinned pineapple was added. oWhen fresh‚ unripe pineapple was used the jelly set but was not as firm. oWhen fresh‚ ripe pineapple was used‚ the jelly did not set at all But why? The
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Acid Rain Lab Report Introduction: The problem was to see how crushed chalk and whole chalk weather differently. The independent variables are The temperature of the liquids The surface area of the chalk‚ crushed vs whole The dependant variable was the weathering of the chalk; this was calculated by measuring the foam reactant. Procedure: Part B- For the two partners recording data with the room temperature liquids‚ the materials where collected first. Two of the graduated
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Aloe (Aloe vera) is a major and traditional medicinal plant under family of Liliaceae. Aloe consumed externally and internally as well. It is used externally to treat several skin burn conditions‚ sunburn and poison oak‚ infections‚ and eczema. It is confirm that juice from Aloe vera ease pain and decrease inflammation. It has antiseptic and antibiotic properties in treating cuts and abrasions. Aloe juice used to treat people with ulcerative colitis‚ an inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover it acts
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the fundamental molecule of life encoding the genetic code for the development and functioning of every living organism and a large variety of viruses. RNA‚ proteins‚ and DNA are the main macromolecules‚ which are necessary for every form of life. The genetic system is encoded in the form of a sequence of nucleotides (guanine‚ adenine‚ thymine‚ and cytosine)‚ which are denoted by the letters G‚ A‚ T‚ and C. Most DNA molecules consist of double-stranded helices‚ composed
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