achieving future cash flows. Limitations * Companies omit items that cannot be measured reliably. * Income is affected by the accounting methods employed. * Income measurement involves judgment. Earnings Quality Companies have incentives to manage income to
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St Joseph Campus Capitol Hill‚ Monrovia Liberia Accounting 401 Section 01 Accounting Theory Assignment #2 To: Mr. Oye Williams By: Fatima E. Manyeh 07436 March 6‚ 2014 1) BDO Seidman’s attorney pointed out correctly that professional standards do not prohibit auditors and client personnel from being ‘friends’. At what point does such relationship result in violation of the auditor independence rules and guidelines? Provide hypothetical examples to strengthen your answers. Health
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nature of public interest (Yartey‚ 2014) 32:References to the so-called public interest appear with great frequency in contemporary political discourse. The principa question here is who decides what is in the public’s interest and who defines the public’s interest? Whose standards and what principles are used to determine the so-called public interest? Whose interests are we referring to when we talk about the public interest‚ the rulin political party’s interests. Or the interests of the majority
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document e. Treasury Circulars - new rules f. Government Accounting Standard (PPK) - standard & basis g. International Public Sector Accounting Standard (IPSAS’s) - standard by IFAC for global 2. Non-financial procedure Financial Provisions of the Federal Constitution (Art 96 to 112) 1. Objectives a. Establish general framework for control of public expenditure b. Provide good financial management systems c. Govern methods of public funds to be administered & accounted d. Define borrowings
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earnings quality since net income does not representatively portray the economic performance of the business entity for the period. Income smoothing relies not on falsehoods and distortions but on the wide leeway existing in alternatively accepted accounting principles and their interpretations. It is conducted within the structure of gaap. In effect‚ it redistributes income statement credits and charges among periods. The prime objective is to moderate income variability over the years by shifting
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3 Theory of Bureaucracy The public concept of bureaucracy suggest the need for sweeping reforms in the public sector to avoid concentrating power on the in nonelected institution‚ to forge a strong link between citizens preference and government action‚ and to bring the political system generally into a closer embrace of democratic value (Ostrom 1985:242 public choice argues that such reform should rely on the introduction of market force into the arena of public service provision. Competition and
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IN THE SESSIONS COURT OF KUALA LUMPUR CASE NO. 62A-160-2007‚ 62A-159-2007‚ 62A-208-2007 & 62A-209-2007 PUBLIC PROSECUTOR V 1. TAN SIOK WAN 2. LEE SIN TECK 3. LIM KIM MING 4. LIM KIM HAI WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS OF THE PROSECUTION AT THE END OF PROSECUTION CASE May it please Your Honour‚ The Prosecution submits that it has respectively proven its case beyond reasonable doubt on the following charges and therefore prays that the defence be called on all the charges
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the society. In this report‚ it will use Legitimacy theory to explain BP’s response to this event. Legitimacy theory can be treated as a explanation for voluntary corporate disclosures in annual report. As (Dowling&Pfeffer‚ 1975) says a corporation must act in congruence with norms and society value. First of all‚ Legitimacy theory is based on the concept of substantive rationality and replies upon the notion of a social contract. This theory asserts that organizations seek to ensure that they
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state) be P(L) = 0.5 We assume that the amount of utility or satisfaction Ajay derives from a payoff is equal to the square root of the amount of the payoff. So‚ we get Ui(a) = √x‚ x≥0 Where x is the amount of the payoff The decision theory tells us that the act with the highest expected utility should be chosen. We denote the expected utility of act a1 (AB Ltd.) by EU(a1) and the expected utility of act a2 (XY Ltd.) by EU(a2). Thus‚ we get EU(a1) = 0.5 x √1089 + 0.5 x √0 =
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University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Commerce - Accounting & Finance Working Papers 2005 Faculty of Commerce Regulation as Accounting Theory M. Gaffikin University of Wollongong‚ michael_gaffikin@uow.edu.au Recommended Citation Gaffikin‚ M.‚ Regulation as Accounting Theory‚ School of Accounting & Finance‚ University of Wollongong‚ Working Paper 9‚ 2005. http://ro.uow.edu.au/accfinwp/50 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of
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