Pharmacology – NUR09100 PHARMACODYNAMICS Learning outcomes • Describe: o the structure of neurones‚ o conduction of the action potential o synaptic transmission o the principal effects of stimulation of the: sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system • Explain and give examples of the following types of drug action: o Receptors (agonists‚ antagonists and partial agonists) o Enzyme inhibition o Membrane transport systems • Apply your knowledge to explain action and
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Pharmacodynamics Mechanisms of drug action: Drugs may act by: * A) Receptor mechanism: * Most drugs produce their action by binding to specific receptors located on the cell membrane (as adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors) or inside the cell (as steroid receptors). * This is the most important mechanism of drug action. * Drugs produce their effects by interacting with these receptors. * These drugs may be: a) Agonists: * Drugs have the affinity to bind with their
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Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics are the study of the chemical effects of drugs and how it can affect the human body. Pharmacokinetics is defined as the drug absorption‚ distribution‚ metabolism‚ and excretion. The relationship between drug concentration and the resulting effect and adverse effects is known as Pharmacodynamics. Neurotransmitters are described as chemicals that are discharged into the brain to allow an impulse from one nerve cell to pass to another nerve cell (CIATATION) . During
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Dose of drug administered ABSORPTION DISTRIBUTION Drug in tissues Drug in systemic circulation Pharmacokinetics Drug metabolized or excreted ELIMINATION Drug at site of action Pharmacologic effect Pharmacodynamics Toxicity Efficacy PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacodynamics Actions of drug on the body Specific to a drug/ class of drugs • Interaction with target sites (receptors/enzymes) • Effects at site of action • Dose-response relationship • Reduction in symptoms • Modification of
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test more of the higher level thinking skills (analyzing‚ application‚ and evaluating) and fewer lower level (remembering‚ understanding)‚ with the nursing process and QSEN application. There may be medication calculation and multiple answers. Pharmacodynamics of medications - i.e. action/therapeutic effects‚ uses‚ and nursing implications for the following: crystalloid solutions colloid solutions hypotonic/hypertonic solutions ACEs ARBs beta-blockers calcium channel blockers arterior and venous
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Session 28 Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals This guidance was developed to help protect clinical trial participants and patients receiving marketed products from potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals‚ while avoiding unnecessary use of animals and other resources. This guidance provides a definition‚ general principles‚ and recommendations for safety pharmacology studies. Pharmacology studies have been performed worldwide for many years as part of the nonclinical
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indigestion‚ constipation‚ stomach pain‚ heart burn‚ nail changes and muscle pain. POTENTIAL DRUG INTERACTIONS (2) Drugs that interact Interaction category Parameters altered Suggestion Trazodone Minor interactions Increase in metformin effects by pharmacodynamic synergism To be monitored ASSESSMENT From the above medication list given‚ we can diagonise that the patient suffers from depression‚ hypothyroidism‚ bladder muscle spasm‚ arrhythmia‚ hypertension and type-II diabetes. To manage depression
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given‚ it proves that by devoting particular attention to pharmacodynamics‚ it enables one to understand the interaction between bacteria and antibiotics better. Such great understanding would then allow for manipulation of the drug usage‚ thereby strengthening our understanding of how to optimise antibiotic performance. Over the past decade‚ there have been numerous occasions where researchers have successfully identify possible pharmacodynamic outcome predictors‚ and assign quantitative values that
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is to discuss Xanax also known as Alprazolam (generic version). This paper will go over the brief history and overview of what the prescription medication Xanax is and what it is used for. This paper will also discuss the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Not only does Xanax affect people different it also is a highly addictive Benzodiazepine. A discussion on the adverse effects of Xanax will be discussed within the paper as well as side effects. In many cases‚ when one builds a tolerance to
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Scenario Once a patient is admitted to the hospital‚ one key element is asked before a medication can be prescribe. That is the patient allergy. As mention in the media presentation‚ “no one drug works for every patient and you can never say a patient will not have a bad reaction to a drug” (Laureate Education‚ 2012) I can recalled a particular situation a few years ago with the administration of Narcan (naloxone). One morning during rounds‚ I received EB with
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