COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS Some of the most common air pollutants can be classified as ground level Ozone‚ Particulate matter‚ Carbon monoxide‚ Nitrogen oxides‚ Sulphur oxides and Lead. Ground level Ozone – these are formed by photochemical (in the presence of sunlight) reactions in the atmosphere between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds. Some sources of ground level ozone are industrial plant emissions‚ motor vehicle exhaust etc. Many urban areas have
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What is Global Warming? Global Warming is defined as the increase of the average temperature on Earth. As the Earth is getting hotter‚ disasters like hurricanes‚ droughts and floods are getting more frequent. Over the last 100 years‚ the average temperature of the air near the Earth´s surface has risen a little less than 1° Celsius (0.74 ± 0.18°C‚ or 1.3 ± 0.32° Fahrenheit). Does not seem all that much? It is responsible for the conspicuous increase in storms‚ floods and raging forest fires
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Workbook Results: Element Observations Element Observations Metal or Non-Metal Sodium -Lustrous -Forms oxides on surface rapidly -A soft metal -silvery-white colour Metal Magnesium -Lustrous -Forms oxides on surface -Silvery-white colour -Malleable but less than alkali metals Metal Aluminium -Silvery-white metal -Malleable but less than alkali earth metals -Forms oxide on surface Metal by observation‚ metalloid by properties Sulphur -Soft pale-yellow powder -It is odourless
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is: MnO2(s)+ NH4+ + H2O(l) + e- → Mn(OH) 3 + NH3 This dry cell has a voltage of 1.5V and is robust‚ easy to store and uses and causes minimal environmental problems upon disposal. The manganese (III) is readily oxidised to insoluble manganese (IV) oxide and so immobilised‚ the small quantities of zinc are not a problem and ammonium salts and carbon are harmless. Disadvantages of the cell are that it does not contain a very large amount of electricity for its size and cannot develop very high currents
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3 Failure Mechanism of Semiconductor Devices Contents 3.1 Reliability Factor and Failure Mechanism of Semiconductor Devices 3- 1 3.1.1 Reliability factors 3- 1 3.1.2 Failure factors and mechanisms of semiconductor devices 3- 4 3.2 Failure Mechanisms of Semiconductor Devices 3- 6 3.2.1 Time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) 3- 6 3.2.2 Slow trap (NBTI) 3- 8 3.2.3 Hot carrier (AHC) 3-10 3.2.4 Soft error 3-12 3.2.5
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five constructive elements: top cylindrical part is top throat‚ that is necessary for the charging and distribution of burden in furnace; the highest splayed conic part is shaft‚ where the heating process of materials and the reducing of iron from oxides pass; the widest cylindrical part is belly‚ in which the process of softening and melting of the reduced iron passes; tapering conic part is bosh‚ where a reducing gas – carbon monoxide is generated‚ the cylindrical part is hearth‚ that is used to
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manmade substances in the air we breath such as fine particles produced by the burning of fossils fuel ground level ozone‚ which is a reactive form of oxygen that is a primary component of urban smog and noxious gases such as sulfur dioxide‚ nitrogen oxides‚ carbon monoxide‚ and chemical vapors. The health effects of air pollution have been reported in research studies over the past 30 years. These effects include respiratory diseases such as asthma‚ cardiovascular diseases changes in lung development
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Commercial Cells Galvanic Cell A Galvanic cell is also known as a Voltaic cell. It was named after Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta. A galvanic cell is capable of producing an electric current from a redox reaction that occurs within it and consists of two half cells. Each half cell consists of an electrode and electrolyte and a salt bridge. In a galvanic cell one metal can undergo reduction and the other oxidation. A typical galvanic cell is based on the spontaneous redox reaction: Net Ionic
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other metals found in the earth’s crust‚ therefore making the demand for fine quality iron ore extremely high. Iron ore is any form of rock in which iron can be economically extracted from. The iron within the rock comes in two main forms of iron oxides: magnetite and hematite. The three primary sources iron ores found within the earth’s crust are banded iron formations‚ magmatic magnetite ore deposits and hematite ore. The hematite and magnetite is physically extracted from the iron ore by using
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A. MATTER * Nature of matter. * Describe the states of matter and explain their conversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory. * Describe and explain diffusion. * Describe dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass‚ qualitatively. * Experimental techniques Measurement. * Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time‚ temperature‚ mass and volume‚ including burettes‚ pipettes and measuring cylinders. Criteria of purity. * Identify substances
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