Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons Have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes. Are alkenes with double bonds. Are alkynes with triple bonds. 1 Structure of Alkenes Alkenes (and alkynes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkenes have one or more double bonds The two bonds in a double bond are different: - one bond is a sigma () bond; these are cylindrical in shape and are very strong - the other is a pi (π) bond; these involve sideways overlap of
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This experiment focuses on the concept of electrophilic aromatic substitution‚ which is a type of benzene reaction. This reaction consists usually of benzene and an electrophile. The role of the nucleophile is played by the double bond on the benzene ring. IT will react will the electrophile and this reaction will form a carbon cation intermediate. With additional reactions with a base‚ the electrophile fundamentally replaces the hydrogen of the benzene. Benzene is classified as one of the countless
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appreciate the role of hydrocarbons as sources of energy and for other industrial applications; predict the formation of the addition products of unsymmetrical alkenes and alkynes on the basis of electronic mechanism; comprehend the structure of benzene‚ explain aromaticity and understand mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene; predict the directive influence of substituents in monosubstituted benzene ring; learn about carcinogenicity and toxicity. • • • • • • •
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Oppau Explosion 7. The Halifax explosion 8. The Texas City Disaster 9. June 3‚ 1989‚ natural gas explosion in the Ural Mountains 10. August 10‚ 2008‚ Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases explosion 11. The Piper Alpha explosion 12. 1924 Nixon Nitration Works explosion 13. Boston Molasses Disaster 14. the Donora Smog of 1948 15. The Phillips Disaster 16. The Bombay explosion 17. Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion 18. Enschede fireworks disaster 19. Flixborough disaster 20. Louisville sewer
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Grading System 2012-13 CM- 601 – Process Equipment Design - I Unit I Mechanics of materials: Stress- Strain relationships of elastic materials subjected to tensile‚ compressive and shear forces‚ Elastic and plastic deformation‚ General design considerations; Design of shell‚ bottom plates‚ self supported‚ and column supported roofs‚ wind girder‚ nozzles and other accessories. Unit II Unfired pressure vessel: Pressure vessel codes‚ classification of pressure vessels‚ Design of cylindrical and
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To get to aniline‚ tin metal acts as a reducing agent and is oxidized to SnCl4. The purification of crude aniline is done by distillation and extraction. Aniline can be converted to acetanilide by acetylation reaction using acetic anhydride with sodium acetate. This step protects the amine functional group from doing unwanted reactions during chlorosulfonation and amination steps. The chlorosulfonyl group attacks in the para position
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Sulfa Drugs: Preparation of Sulfanilamide Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to prepare sulfanilamide from p-Acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride. This will be done using reflux‚ vacuum filtration‚ and melting point determination. Experiment Scheme6 Figure 1. Reaction equation.6 A hot water bath was prepared in a fume hood using a 250-mL beaker. 2.5 g of p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride was placed into a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask and 11 mL of dilute ammonium hydroxide solution
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Separating The Components of “Panacetin” Observations Most natural products and many commercial preparations are mixtures containing a number of different substances. To obtain a pure compound from such a mixture‚ you must separate the desired compound from the other components of the mixture by taking advantage of differences in their physical and chemical properties. Acidic or basic substances are often converted to water-soluble salts‚ which can then be separated from the water-insoluble
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with water. 1 (4) Give the IUPAC name of the organic compound 1 O II (CH3)2 C CH C CH3 = − − (5) Name the monomers of nylon 2 or nylon 6 ploymer. 1 (6) Give one example of an artificial sweetener used by the diabetic patients. 1 (7) Direct nitration of aniline is not carried out. Explain why? 1 (8) What type of linkage holds together the monomers of D.N.A.? 1 (9) Examine the illustration of a portion of the defective crystal given below and answer the following questions. (5) (i) What are
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Vidallon‚ Mark Louis P. Date Performed: February 20‚ 2012 CHEM44.1 2L Date Submitted: March 12‚ 2012 MIXED-ALDOL CONDENSATION Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde I. Introduction Cinnamaldehyde‚ cinnamic aldehyde or 3-phenyl-2-propenal is the major constituent of cinnamon oil‚ extracted from several species of Cinnamomum (C. verum‚ C. burmanii‚ C. cassia)‚ under the family Lauraceae‚ a group of evergreen trees. Cinnamon bark (particularly C. verum) yields 0.4-0.8% oil‚ which contains 60-80% cinnamaldehyde
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