homogeneity across cultures. The theory of relative face orientation We have discussed that Brown and Levinson’s (1987) face-saving politeness theory has been undermined for its inability to be applied universally. In surveying recent studies in cross-cultural communication‚ Mao (1994) mentions Janney and Arndt (1993)‚ who characterise it as idealistic‚ culturally biased‚ and lacking objective empirical evidence for the evaluation of their politeness universals. Instead of a theory centered on universals
Premium Politeness theory Politeness theory Individualism
Applying Motivational Theories to Compensation Abstract An organization’s success is built and defined on its strategy and goal for the company. In order for an organization to achieve its goal‚ it must be shared with the whole organization. This includes the employees as well as stockholders feeling connected to the company and motivated to reach these goals usually by some type of compensation. Keywords: strategy‚ employees‚ compensation‚ motivation
Premium Motivation Maslow's hierarchy of needs
In today’s society work is most likely to be associated with paid work. We always tell people about our paid employment‚ the work where we receive a regular income. So the work we do can play a role in defining our identity and how we see our self. Your employment can also play a major role in terms of; determining a person’s level of income‚ defining a person’s status‚ social class and a person’s Life chances. For example those in upper class enjoy greater life chances than those in working class
Premium Sociology Industrial Revolution Capitalism
According to Hobbes behave should be such a way where pain is being avoided and achieve pleasure. No matter what reasons we may give for our conduct‚ there two tendencies are the underlying causes of all behavior. View on Motivation Each and every theory has origin. In motivation there are three perspectives. These are - 1) The traditional approach. 2) The human relation approach. 3) The human resource approach. Human relation approach It’s emphasized on the role of social processes in the
Premium Maslow's hierarchy of needs Motivation
Problems with money as a motivator – how do motivation theories suggest you can motivate people? Motivation is thought to encompass "personality factors‚ social variables‚ and/or cognitions that are assumed to come into play when a person undertakes a task at which he or she is evaluated‚ enters into competition with others‚ or attempts to attain some standard of excellence" (Roberts‚ 1993‚ p. 406) Motivation is the desire to do things. It is the crucial element in setting and attaining goals –
Premium Motivation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this chapter the student will be able to: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Frame the context for understanding the concept of motivation‚ particularly who and what motivates employees; Provide an overview of the different theories of motivation; Identify extrinsic and intrinsic factors that impact motivation; Assess misconceptions about motivation; and‚ Suggest strategies to enhance employee motivation. INTRODUCTION Managers are continually challenged to motivate a
Premium Motivation
McClelland’s Theory of Needs Many of the differences in employee motivation‚ management styles and organizational structures of companies throughout the world can be of people in different national cultures. However‚ this report will be only focused detail on the employee motivation. Motivation plays a crucial role in driving the organization towards target or goal or even mission and vision. Even though‚ there are various version of motivation theories but in the report will highlight theory of Needs
Premium Management Psychology Leadership
Andrea K. Rivers ORG6503 : Organizational Theories & System Instructor: Kathleen Henry September 24‚ 2011 Introduction The owner of Creative Colors has taking my advice regarding restructuring and downsizing the company. The organization is now operating much more efficiently and has seen revenues begin to climb in its retail stores. With the improving economic climate in the region and the growing strength of the U.S. dollar compared to the Canadian dollar‚ the owner now sees an opportunity
Premium Porter generic strategies Organizational studies Employment
Timeline of Motivation theories 1911 Frederick Taylor’s scientific management Taylor first published his work‚ the Principles of Scientific Management. In his study he described how to apply scientific methods to the management of workers which could improve productivity. Scientific management methods suggests how to optimize the way tasks were performed and shortening the work so that the employees can be trained to perform to their very best. 1943 Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Premium Motivation Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Theory X‚ Theory Y by Douglas McGregor is a motivation theory. Douglas McGregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called Theory X and Theory Y. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings. In his book‚ The Human Side of Enterprise‚ he outlined a new role for managers. He stated that managers should assist subordinates in reaching their full potential‚ rather than commanding and controlling. Theory X is negative and Theory Y can
Premium Management Motivation Organization