sex. Article two of the Maastricht Treaty (TEU) clearly states men and women are equal. (Van Ooik‚ & Vandamme‚ 2010‚ p. 5). In addition‚ article 121 of the TFEU states that men and women have the right for equal pay. Finally‚ article 21 of the Lisbon Treaty specifically prohibits discrimination based on sex (Van Ooik‚ & Vandamme‚ 2010‚ p. 161). This means that women in the EU are protected by law against discrimination based on their gender. However‚ in practice gender inequality still exists
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4. Case Study: End of Life Automobile Directive The case study here will illustrate how business adapted to the multilayered lobbying coalition in response to the EU policy-making. The EU Commission introduced the policy on the End of Life Automobile debate in 1994 upon receiving recycling proposals on waste management from the EU Council and EP in 1990 and 1992 respectively. Moreover‚ the Commission was facing pressure from policy groups‚ influence from Council of Minister‚ EP‚ and the Court of
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The European Court of Auditors Introduction The European Court of Auditors is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU). It was established in 1975 in Luxembourg to audit the accounts of EU institutions. This report will cover 3 aspects which are history‚ organization and president. Then it will give some criticism about the declaration of assurance and the size of the court. History The Court of Auditors was created by the 1975 Budgetary Treaty and was formerly established on 1977-10-18
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| 2012 | | | [ EU & INTERNATIONAL LAW ] | | The law-making system of the European Union Sources of law There are three main sources of European Union law. Primary law The primary law of European Union comes from founding treaties and subsequent amendments. This is the very basis of EU law and has direct impact on the lives of EU citizens. Primary laws are created by direct negotiations between governments of member states. Secondary law Secondary laws have roots
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EU law over national law was not provided in the EEC Treaty. However‚ the ECJ was successful in creating a doctrine of supremacy where‚ both‚ the Constitutional Treaty and Declaration No. 17 in the Lisbon Treaty cover the principle of supremacy of EU law. 6 Though‚ the primacy clause found in the Lisbon Treat was dropped later on‚ and this removal of the clause may have created doubt in some national courts of the
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CONFLICT OF NORMS IN EUROPEAN UNION LAW AND THE LEGAL REASONING OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Gerard Martin Conway School of Law Brunel University December 2010 ii Abstract: This thesis examines the topic of conflict of norms in European Union (EU) law and the legal reasoning of the European Court of Justice (ECJ)‚ arguing that the framework of conflict of norms provides conceptual insight into justification and
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The Supremacy of EU law The Lisbon Treaty is silent about the principle of the supremacy of the European Union law over national law. However‚ Declaration number 17 was attached to the aforementioned Treaty to this effect. There can be seen a very unambiguous perspective on the issue of supremacy of European Union law over disagreeing national law: ‘under the principle of supremacy‚ precedence must always be given to Community law over conflicting national law however framed and including national
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EUROPEAN LAW REVISION NOTES BACKGROUND INFORMATION The UK joined the EU in 1973. Originally sent up following World War 2‚ the EU was an attempt by many western European countries to rebuild their economies by working closely together. The idea was that they would be more prosperous when working together. The countries then decided that they would share a common framework of laws in the areas of employment and the trading of goods and services between the countries. Now EU Laws cover other
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Introduction The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union that currently has twenty-eight member states‚ almost all of which share the same currency‚ the Euro. The main purpose of the EU is to provide unity and harmony in social and political matters for its members. In order for a country to be accepted to the EU‚ there are certain standards that have to be met‚ known as the ‘Copenhagen criteria’. In 1981‚ Greece became the 10th country to join the European Union. Though‚ Greece’s entry
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Mały skrypcik: Introduction to European Institutional Law ;) Na podstawie programme 2013. Materiały → dr Izabela Skomerska-Muchowska‚ notatki z zacnych wykładów jejmości i inne niezbędności. Ania‚ Asia‚ Artur ;) Special thanks to Maciek! 1. Evolution of European integration and legal character of the European Union a. Political foundations of European Communities 9th of May 1950 – Schuman’s Plan (Schuman – French foreign minister) "Europe will not be made all at once‚ or according to a single
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