QUESTIONS BELOW. (70 marks) 1. Comment on the statement below: ‘Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated’ Reciprocally regulated means when one process takes place in a cell‚ the other process will essentially inactivated. This regulation ensures that either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis predominate as to prevent concurrent activity in two closely parallel pathways‚ where if both Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis happen at the same exact moment‚ ‚ the net result would be the hydrolysis of
Premium Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Glycolysis
A1. Role of Enzymes in Processes Enzymes are organic catalysts that help to speed up the breakdown of a molecule‚ such as fructose. The enzyme helps a chemical reaction take place quickly so that the reaction happens properly. In order for that to happen the enzymes process by the lock and key model‚ the lock is the substrate and the enzyme is the key. The active sites are specific to a certain substrate of a molecule‚ so the enzymes only have one job to do. The shape of an enzyme is not changed
Premium Adenosine triphosphate Cellular respiration Glycolysis
The metabolic response to prolonged starvation Early stage of prolonged starvation Starvation occurs when the body has a severe lack of nutrients needed to survive. The body has ways of adapting to periods without food‚ for example overnight it needs to survive without any additional nutrients whilst asleep. The body however also has ways of adapting for as long as long as 5-6 weeks (Garber‚ 1974). Therefore‚ looking at the metabolic state during starvation is over a long time period. The body
Premium Metabolism Fatty acid Glycolysis
What can Acetyl CoA be used for? Acetyl CoA must be used for energy‚ lipgenesis‚ cholesterogenesis‚ or ketogenesis o Not Glucogenic 3. What do amino acids and fatty acids produce during gluconeogenesis? Amino acids and fatty acids are oxidized to generate NADH & ATP needed for gluconeogenesis (b/c when liver is producing glucose‚ it cannot synthesize lipids and proteins at the same time) 4. What is produced during hepatic lipogenesis? Glucose must be used to produce NADPH and
Premium Metabolism Glycogen
pyruvate (3 carbons) triacylglycerols hormone-sensitive lipase CO2 FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS acetyl CoA fatty acids (2 carbons) FATTY ACID OXIDATION ketones KETOGENESIS amino acids glucose ( 6 carbons) GLYCOLYSIS GLUCONEOGENESIS ` LIPASE glycerol oxaloacetate fatty acids glycogen fatty acids citrate CITRIC ACID CYCLE CO2 CO2 Control of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon hormones islet of Langerhans Fasting state: glucagon from
Premium Glycolysis Metabolism Glucose
Type 2 Diabetes on Gluconeogenesis and Glucose Output in Humans studied by Amelia Gastaldelli‚ Simona Baldi‚ Maura Pettiti‚ Elana Tischi‚ Stefania Camastra‚ Andrea Natali‚ Bernard R. Landau and Ele Ferrannini. This article was published in the journal Diabetes in 2000 volume 49 issue 8 pages 1367-1373. Purpose‚ PICO and Level of Evidence The investigators wanted to study individuals who were obese and those who had type II diabetes to determine the percentage of gluconeogenesis to glucose release
Premium Diabetes mellitus Insulin Diabetes mellitus type 2
carbon skeletons are generally conserved as carbohydrate‚ via gluconeogenesis‚ or as fatty acid via fatty acid synthesis pathways. In this respect amino acids fall into three categories: glucogenic‚ ketogenic‚ or glucogenic and ketogenic. Glucogenic amino acids are those that give rise to a net production of pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates‚ such as -ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate‚ all of which are precursors to glucose via gluconeogenesis. All amino acids except lysine and leucine are at least partly
Premium Amino acid Metabolism
GLUCAGON -has a major role in maintaining normal concentrations of glucose in blood‚ and is often described as having the opposite effect of insulin that is‚ glucagon has the effect of increasing blood glucose levels while insulin lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar glucose levels fall too low -linear peptide of 29 amino acids. -Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose‚ which is released into the bloodstream. -Glucagon
Premium Protein Insulin Glucose
General Adaption Syndrome- (Stress Response) Three Stages: Consistent way the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids Alarm reaction- mediated by norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system‚ and epi from the adrenal medulla. They prepare body for flight or fight. Angiotensin and aldosterone levels also increase. Angiotensin raises BP‚ aldosterone promotes sodium and H2O conservation‚ which helps offset possible losses by sweating and bleeding
Premium Cortisol Psychology Stress
among 85-90% of diabetic patients. Research has shown that the AKT and Hdac4 are one of the major downstream targets of insulin signaling pathway. One of the roles of Hdac4 is acetylation/deacetylation of FoxO genes‚ which are responsible for gluconeogenesis. We plan on looking at the AKT pathway: insulin signals the Akt which phosphorylates Hdac4 (inactivate Hdac4) and leads to glycogen synthesis. However‚ when this signaling pathway is impaired glycogen synthesis process is disturbed. There are
Free Insulin Diabetes mellitus