Distillation is a commonly used method for purifying liquids and separating mixtures of liquids into their individual components. Familiar examples include the distillation of crude fermentation broths into alcoholic spirits such as gin and vodka‚ and the fractionation of crude oil into useful products such as gasoline and heating oil. In the organic lab‚ distillation is used for purifying solvents and liquid reaction products. To understand distillation‚ first consider what happens upon heating
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8.2.1 (iv) Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil By Blake Turner – Year 11 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Introduction Crude oil is the term for "unprocessed" oil‚ the stuff that comes out of the ground. It is also known as petroleum. Crude oil is a fossil fuel‚ meaning that it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years ago -- most places you can find crude oil were once sea beds. Crude oils vary in colour‚ from clear to tar-black‚
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SIMPLE DISTILLATION OF VODKA (ANTONOV) Kristel Joy M. Tan‚ Joshua Michael L. Torres‚ Pauleen Anne S. Vanadero‚ Paulene Arielle P. Ynzon and Rachel Pauline E. Zaballero Group 10‚ 2D Medical Technology‚ Faculty of Pharmacy‚ University of Santo Tomas ABSTRACT Distillation is the most common technique‚ it is a process wherein the liquid is separated from the solution by boiling the liquid solution and condensing the vapor in order to get the distillate. There are four kind of distillation: simple distillation
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plants. In this experiment‚ the essential oil eugenol was isolated from ground cloves using steam distillation techniques. Eugenol had a high boiling point‚ but it was isolated at a lower temperature by performing a co-distillation with water‚ a process known as steam distillation. This technique allowed the desired material to be distilled at a lower temperature than 100℃. The point of the steam distillation was to use an azeotrope to isolate the organic compound from a solid. The azeotrope was the
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Mona Vaidya 02/04/2014 CHE 317 Laboratory Experiment #1: Simple Distillation of Two Volatile Liquids Containing Non-Volatile Impurities Introduction: Simple distillation is a commonly used method to separate and purify the mixtures of organic liquids into their original components. Mixtures of two miscible liquids with two different boiling points were separated. Therefore‚ it can be said that the two organic compounds are separated by exploiting the different boiling temperatures of the liquids
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The Extraction of Bio-ethanol from Apple (Malus domesticus) and Banana (Musa accuminata Colla) Peelings through the Process of Fermentation and Distillation Abstract Apple (Malus domesticus) and banana (Musa accuminata Colla) peelings are common household waste products. This study sought to extract bioethanol from these two peelings and to compare which sample can produce more bioethanol. About 400 grams of apple and banana peeling was obtained from the 1 kilogram bought from the supermarket
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ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT Errors in Measurement Structure 2.1 Introduction Objectives 2.2 Classification of Errors 2.2.1 Gross Errors 2.2.2 Systematic Errors 2.2.3 Random Errors 2.3 Accuracy and Precision 2.4 Calibration of the Instrument 2.5 Analysis of the Errors 2.5.1 Error Analysis on Common Sense Basis 2.5.2 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data 2.6 Summary 2.7 Key Words 2.8 Answers to SAQs 2.1 INTRODUCTION The
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GOAL The goal of this experiment was to separate Toluene and Hexane by distillation and gas chromatography based on their difference in boiling points. The boiling point of hexane is 69 degrees Celsius and the boiling point of toluene is 110 degrees Celsius. Three fractions were collected for both simple and fractional distillation. The first fraction was hexane since it had the lower boiling point. The second fraction was a mixture of toluene and hexane. The third fraction was toluene since it had
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Distillation Alcoholic distillation is basically the process of separation the more volatile component‚ alcohol‚ from the less volatile component‚ water‚ from a water/alcohol solution‚ by heating the solution and condensing and collecting the alcohol rich vapours released‚ as a high alcohol strength liquid (spirit). The starting material for most distillations‚ such as wine for brandy and beer for whisky‚ are usually weak alcoholic solutions (5%-7% v/v ethanol) This seems counter intuitive
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presents the application of Fractional Order PID controller as a supplementary controller to improve the dynamics of Load Frequency Control in an interconnected system. FOPID is a PID controller whose derivative and integral orders are of fractional rather than integer. The extension of derivative and integration order from integer to fractional order provides more flexibility in the design of the controller there by improving the dynamics of the system. Using integral square error as performance criteria
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