highly efficient and selective excitation behavior for the studied molecular systems. On the other hand‚ it was demonstrated that the molecular excitation is a very complex conjunction of different one-electron orbital depopulation-population
Premium Atom Light Chemistry
Effect of ions on living organisms (24 marks) An ion is a charged atom or molecule. This is because it does not have an equal amount of protons and electrons‚ therefore giving the atom an overall charge. An example of an ion is ‚ this is sodium and the plus sign represents an overall positive charge. Ions are very important to living organisms as they are essential for life‚ they play an important role within the cell allowing mechanisms within the living organisms such as respiration‚ to take
Premium Electron Atom Ion
exam 1 material * probelsm 11-20 exam 2 material * problems 21-30 exam 3 material * problems 31-35 new material (MO theory from ch 11‚ ch 12) All Single-choice 10 multiple choice material 2. Which pair of atoms/ions has same # of electrons? 32p and 32s 15e 16e- Al 3+ and Cl- 10e- 18e- Xe and I- 54e- 54e- 13C 14N 6e- 7e- ^ the 13 on C is mass number. = # protons + # neutrons. 3. N2 + 2 O2 + Cl2 -> 2 NO2 Start with 6 mol N2‚ 4 mol O2‚ 4 mol Cl2‚ Find limiting
Premium Chemical bond Electron Molecular geometry
continue on with Dalton’s theory‚ which lead them into new areas of experiments. In the late 1800’s JJ Thompson‚ the Physicist discovered the sub atomic particle known as the electron. JJ Thompson made a model known as the “Plum Pudding” where you can see the pudding as positive charged and the plums as negatively charged electrons. This theory was invalid due to what is known as the Rutherford gold foil experiment‚ which is designed to probe an atom. Rutherford’s gold foil experiment displayed that
Free Atom Electron
Organic Chemistry Basic Ideas: Carbon chains: Straight chains and branched chains‚ Numbering of chains and branches. Carbon Rings: Cyclic Molecules‚ Aromatic Compounds Types of Organic reactions: Combustion Addition Substitution Condensation Oxidation What is organic chemistry? Carbon compounds. Methane CH4 Hexane C6 H14 Ethane C2H 6 Heptane C7 H16 Propane C3H 8 Octane C8 H18 Butane C4H10 Nonane C9H20 Pentane C 5 H12 Decane C1 0 H22 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
Premium Atom Alcohol Chemical reaction
Hybridization occurs to minimize electron pair repulsions when atoms are brought together to form molecules. Possible hybridization schemes: 2nd row elements: sp sp2 sp3 3rd row elements also have: dsp3 d2sp3 Each of these hybridzation schemes corresponds to one of the five fundamental VSEPR geometries. Bonding arises from the overlap of orbitals. Sigma (σ) bonds arise from the ‘end-on’ overlap between adjacent orbitals. This leads to a region of high electron density along the inter-nuclear
Premium Chemical bond Electron Atom
Module 2: The Scientific Method and Matter The Scientific Method Step 1: Performing Experiments Step 2: Making Observations Step 3: Proposing a Hypothesis Step 4: Confirming the Hypothesis Step 5: Proposing a Scientific Law Scientific Notation It is a mathematical expression in which a number is expressed as N x 10^n where N contains only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal and n is an integer. Rules for Determining Significant Figures (digits) - All nonzero digits are
Premium Atom Neutron Chemistry
us‚ including ourselves. They consist of protons which give off a positive charge‚ electrons which give off a negative charge and neutrons which have no charge. In an atom there are the same amount of protons as there are electrons. If there weren’t it would cause the atom to behave differently. Atoms have layers around them called shells which contain electrons. Each shell can only hold a certain amount of electrons. Molecules can be multiple atoms of the same element combined or the elements can
Premium Atom Electron Proton
6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page ii 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page i 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page ii 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/15/07 2:14 PM Page iii ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I AS A SECOND LANGUAGE Second Edition DR. DAVID R. KLEIN Johns Hopkins University JOHN WILEY & SONS‚ INC. 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 Marketing Manager Production Manager Production Editor Cover Designer 5:02 PM Page iv Amanda Wygal Pamela
Free Atom Chemical bond Electron
conventional x-ray tube the electron beam accelerates from a fila ment to an anode‚ where it decelerates rapidly at the anode and emits x-rays (shown schematically in Fig. 2). A different approach is to accelerate (or decelerate) the particle by passing it through a magnetic field. This is what really happens in an accelerator. When the particles curve in the magnetic field‚ x-rays are emitted. These x-rays are very collimated. The effective source is very small because the electrons can be focused down
Premium X-ray Electron Particle accelerator