Biology Assignment 3 November 9‚ 2014 The 7 properties of life Order - All living things (organisms) have ordered structure Reproduction- Organisms reproduce their own kind‚ life comes from life Growth & Development - Information carried by DNA controls the pattern of growth and development in all organisms Energy Utilization - Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life’s activities Response to the Environment - All organisms respond to environmental stimuli Homeostasis
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cell division from occurring if damaged or dangerous genetic material (DNA) is found. It then signals for enzymes‚ which are used to repair the damaged component of the DNA‚ which then allows cells with repaired DNA to divide. When DNA can’t be repaired‚ then the cell goes under apoptosis (death of the cell). However when this gene is turned off or it isn’t able to destruct damaged DNA‚ then the cell with the damaged DNA is able to divide continuously which may cause cancer. This means that
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of DNA. This included Chargaff’s rules‚ X-ray diffraction studies‚ and the use of brass and wire models of sugars‚ and phosphate groups. This revelation contributed heavily to scientific research and studies. They deduced that from their studies that DNA is structured in a Double Helix. With all of the evidence they accumulated they were able to achieve as well as build something great‚ with such a huge impact on the world. One piece of evidence they used to determine the structure of DNA was
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structure of a gene provides the code for a polypeptide:•Describe the processes involved in the transfer of information from DNA through RNA to the production of a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide:-The structures involved in polypeptide synthesis are:DNA: A gene contains a sequence of bases to code for a protein. Every set of 3 bases is called a codon. RNA: RNA is similar to DNA except that instead of deoxyribose as the sugar‚ it has ribose. It is single stranded‚ and instead of thymine‚ there is
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bactaria was isolated and cloned. The expressed ldhA gene was inserted into pET28b plasmid vector. The resulting recombinant pET28b-LdhA expression vector was then transformed after introduction into E. coli. The ligation gave 15 colonies of recombinant DNA which later gave 6 recombinant plasmids as revealed by gel electrophoresis. 1. Introduction The NADH-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (EDH) is a key enzyme in the fermentative metabolism
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the vector and the DNA to be inserted with the same restriction endonuclease to ensure that both have the same "sticky ends" Vector for cloning the bacteria come from two major types: (1) Plasmids‚ and (2) Phages Recombinant DNA Technology A) It was developed in 1970 B) Procedure: (1) Obtain DNA from an organism (2)ADD Restriction enzymes (3) A reproducible set of fragments (4)Inset into replicating DNA molecules (5) This gives Recombinant DNA (6) Introduce this DNA in appropriate cells
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Introduction Plasmids are circular‚ double stranded extrachromosomal DNA molecules that are found in bacteria which can self-replicate. They are naturally occurring DNA molecules advantageous to the host bacterium by carrying genes which specify metabolic capacities. (Garrett et al.‚ 2010) Besides‚ plasmids exist in a wide variety of sizes from a few thousands to hundreds of thousands of base pairs. Many plasmids have been engineered to serve as plasmids cloning vectors to carry genes. (Synder et
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[pic] [pic] STRUCTURE OF DNA PROPOSED BY JAMES WATSON AND FRANCISCRICK DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid. This chemical substance is present in the nucleus of all living cells . DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells. The famous double helical structure was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in the year 1953. Nine years later both received Nobel Prize for this discovery. STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long
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recombinant DNA technology allow scientists to work with smaller fragments of DNA‚ give them more tools to dissect and analyze DNA‚ and also allow for them to make many copies of a strand of DNA. 2. Restriction enzymes are made by bacteria to cut up invading DNA. They target specific base sequences in the DNA and then work to cut out those sequences from the DNA. 3. When a restriction enzyme cuts out a portion of DNA‚ it will sometimes leave a sticky end. If two fragments of DNA are cut by the
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AP Bio DNA‚ RNA‚ Protein synthesis Study Guide DNA Structure Nucleotide structure - sugar‚ phosphate group‚ base backbone structure - alternating sugar and phosphate group directionality (5’-3’) - DNA is anti parallel. The side that sticks out s the 5’ side bases - adenine = thymine & guanine=cytosine purines vs Pyrimidines - purines have two rings while pyrimidines have one ring Bonding - hydrogen bonds Base Pairing rules - look at bases ^^ DNA Replication Semi-conservative replication
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