[10/23/12] Chapter 5 LEARNING * BEHAVIOR CHANGES THAT ARE DUE TO OUR EXPERIENCES OR THE ENVIRONENT * Simplest form of learning involves our senses * Simplest form learning = Habituation: Adjusting to stimuli that do not change. Example: You go into a guy’s room and smell something terrible‚ after a while you get used to the environment/smell and don’t even notice it. * Humans learn similarly to animals. Patterns of responding are similar to animals. * Types of Conditioning:
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Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya MA Program in Organizational Behavior & Development “My father taught me to work; he did not teach me to love it” - Abraham Lincoln. From history and in the present‚ we have been taught to work but not necessarily to enjoy it. Job dissatisfaction‚ burnout‚ and depression are ordinary situations that happen more often than not. “I always give 100 percent at work: 10 percent on Monday‚ 23 on Tuesday‚ 40 on Wednesday‚ 22 on Thursday and 5 percent on
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Development of Social Cognition and Adolescent Egocentrism Maturation of the adolescent brain‚ along with biological and environmental changes‚ lead to new social encounters and a heightened awareness and belief that others are interested in and attentive to their behaviors and appearance. This awareness is thought to be associated with an increased attention to socially salient stimuli‚ particularly faces‚ and the processing of emotional information (Herba and Phillips‚ 2004). This
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University of Phoenix Material Cognition‚ Language‚ and Intelligence Worksheet Problem Solving and Decision Making 1. Create a problem scenario to respond to the following questions: a. What is the problem? b. What problem-solving approach would you implement to solve this problem? c. Which approach was effective? Why? d. What were some obstacles or barriers you faced in solving the problem? 2. You have received several job offers from different companies and must decide which job to accept
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Unit 4 – Cognition‚ Memory and Language Memory is the ability to encode‚ store and recall information. Encoding allows the perceived item of interest to be converted and stored within the brain‚ and then recalled later from short-term or long-term memory. There are three main ways in which information can be encoded: 1. Visual (picture) 2. Acoustic (sound) 3. Semantic (meaning) An example of encoding is memorizing notecards. Storage is the process of retaining information in the brain‚
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concerned with the relationships among cognitions. Cognition‚ for the purpose of this theory‚ may be thought of as a piece of knowledge‚ thoughts‚ feelings‚ or beliefs. Knowledge may be about an attitude‚ an emotion‚ a behavior‚ or a value. For instance‚ the fact that you like the color red is cognition. People have a massive amount of cognitions at the same time‚ and these cognitions create irrelevant‚ relationships with one another. Therefore‚ that the two cognitions have nothing to do with each other
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the cognitions‚ adjusting its importance or by adding additional justifications to the cognition to reduce the conflict between them. This theory can be well explained in Mark’s behavior. The two cognitions when he was vice president of sales are: Cognition 1: Mark was held sole responsible of the sales department Cognition 2: He was an executive team member for making sales policies. These two cognitions created a dissonance. Therefore to reduce the dissonance between the two cognitions‚ he
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According to cognitive dissonance theory‚ there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (beliefs‚ expectations‚ or opinions of a particular individual). When inconsistency does exist between these beliefs or attitudes‚ psychological tension (dissonance) occurs and must be resolved through some action. This tension most often results when an individual must choose between two incompatible beliefs or actions and is heightened when alternatives are equally attractive
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First‚ in its simplest form‚ dissonance increases as the degree of discrepancy among cognitions increases. Second‚ dissonance increases as the number of discrepant cognitions increases. Third‚ dissonance is inversely proportional to the number of consonant cognitions held by an individual. Fourth‚ the relative weights given to the consonant and dissonant cognitions may be adjusted by their importance in the mind of the individual. If dissonance is experienced as an unpleasant
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generation and consequences of communication-evoked imagery’’‚ Journal of Consumer Research‚ Vol Borst‚ G. and Kosslyn‚ S.M. (2008)‚ ‘‘Visual mental imagery and visual perception: structural equivalence revealed by scanning processes’’‚ Memory and Cognition‚ Vol Braun‚ K.A.‚ Ellis‚ R. and Loftus‚ E.F. (2002)‚ ‘‘Make my memory: how advertising can change our memories of the past’’‚ Psychology and Marketing‚ Vol Cacioppo‚ J.T.‚ Harkins‚ S.G. and Petty‚ R.E. (1981)‚ ‘‘The nature of attitudes and cognitive
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