NEUTRALIZATION TEST FOR VIRUS Neutralization of a virus is defined as the loss of infectivity through reaction of the virus with specific antibody. Virus and serum are mixed under appropriate condition and then inoculated into cell culture‚ eggs or animals. The presence of unneutralized virus may be detected by reactions such as CPE‚ haemadsorption/haemagglutination‚ plaque formation‚ disease in animals. The loss of infectivity is bought about by interference by the bound Ab with any one of the
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1.‚1.5 Activity 1.1.5: ELISA Name _______________________Per_____ | Summarize the steps you took to conduct the ELISA test. Conclusion 1. Explain why antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents. * * * * * * 2. Why is the secondary antibody used in an ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate? * * * * * 3. Disease samples from two patients
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cause a reaction called aggualation‚ So we will never found a type blood that has both of anti-body a and antigen A Every kind of blood has its own antigens and its own antibodies: Antibodies Antigens Blood type none A‚B AB b A A a B B A‚b none O It is really important to know the antigens and the antibodies of any blood type for
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system also takes part in returning plasma proteins to the bloodstream. The antibodies which are made in the lymph nodes help the body to build an effective immunity to infectious diseases. The lymph nodes are involved in defending mechanisms of the body by removing bacteria and toxins. Lymph nodes are very small organs that you can find within the body; they are the site of filtration of the lymph fluid and also activate
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against antigens. Leukocytes are more focused and are a second line of defence against specific antigens. T-lymphocytes (T-cells) attack anything carrying disease in the body. B-lymphocytes (B-cells) are tuned to a particular antigen‚ and produce antibodies to destroy them. Immunosuppression is a reduction in the effectiveness of the immune system and can be caused by stress. Arnetz et al (1991) - Reduced lymphocyte activity in farm labourers was associated with periods of stressful unemployment
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How does stress affect the immune system The immune system is designed to defend the body against millions of antigens that would otherwise invade it. None of these things are able to get in when your immune system is working efficiently‚ but the moment your immune system stops functioning properly‚ the opportunity for antigens to attack is available. Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) carried out a natural experiment investigating whether the stress of short-term stressors had an effect on immune system functioning
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Samples with Ouchterlony Double Diffusion Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. When two antigens are identical their precipitin lines form You correctly answered: c. an arc 2. Antigen and antibody move toward each other because of You correctly answered: b. diffusion 3. If two antigens form a spur‚ they You correctly answered: d. have partial identity 4. The Ouchterlony test relies on the formation of a(n) You correctly answered: a. precipitate
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bacteria are found‚ neutrophils will surround the bacteria and kill it‚ often dying in the process. B. Monocytes- help with immune defense and rebuild damaged tissue. They also produce proteins for the body and antigens‚ which stimulate antibody production. C. Eosinophils- are white blood cells that protect the body by killing and swallowing bacteria. If the eosinophil cannot enlarge enough to engulf the bacteria‚ it will attach itself and kill the organism. D. Basophils-
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Medicine and Disease Study Questions 1-10 1. Describe the role of the macrophage in the immune response. They are known as the vulture cells randomly engulf and destroy bacteria‚ cell debris or foreign matter. 2. State the origin and purpose of lymphocytes. The immune cells‚ or lymphocytes as well as macrophages provide the specific mechanism for the identification and removal of foreign material. Natural killer cells are lymphocytes distinct from the T and B lymphocytes. They destroy
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1. Detecting ‘self’ and ‘non self’ molecules: the role of antigens and the membrane receptors. Class I MHC molecules | Class II MHC molecules | * Are found on almost all nucleated cells of the body (so are not on red blood cells) * Body Cells that have become infected or become cancerous can display antigens by using their Class I MHC molecules on their cell surface * These antigens that get displayed were made inside these cells * Cytotoxic T cells will recognise antigens displayed
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