Introduction to Alkane Nomenclature A. Determining the Priority of Functional Groups. What’s in a name? 3-ethyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)-4‚4-dimethylnonane Too big a subject to cover on one sheet! This paper will focus on alkanes. Determining functional group priority will be the subject of a subsequent sheet. suffix http://masterorganicchemistry.com D. Applying the Lowest Locator Rule F. Dealing With Branched Substituents (the IUPAC Way) Number the chain from one end so as
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rules that: (1) Name the longest carbon chain bearing the –OH group. Drop the last –e from the alkane name and add –ol to obtain the root name. (2) Number the longest chain starting at the end nearest the –OH group‚ and designate a number for the –OH group. (Hydroxyl has greater priority than carbon-carbon multiple bonds). (3) Name the remaining substituents and their numbers as for alkanes and alkenes. CH3 OH H3C CH2-Cl CH3 H 1-chloro-3‚3-dimethyl-2-butanol Ch10 Alcohols (Str and Syn)
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(R) or (S). 7. Give the stereochemical relationships (same compound‚ structural isomers‚ distereomers‚ or enantiomers) between each pair of isomers. 8. Consider the following free radical bromination of an enantiomerically pure alkane. Is the product formed as a single enantiomer or a racemic mixture? Is the product optically active or optically inactive? Explain your answers. Substitution and elimination reactions (Chpt 11): 9. Predict the products of the following
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Classification Tests for Hydrocarbons Authors: Goldie Ann Tejada‚ Allain Joseph S. Templo‚ Kristinlyn Trajano‚ Kevin Viray‚ Quennie Yu Group 10‚ 2F-PH‚ Faculty of Pharmacy‚ University of Santo Tomas ABSTRACT The test compounds undergo different physical and chemical tests to differentiate their intrinsic physical properties and chemical properties. Physical state‚ color‚ and odor were noted through simple observation. Miscibility of the test compounds were noted through color change or a warming
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1740-1720 1725-1705 1725-1700 1750-1730 1700-1640 1810 and 1760 1300-1000 Intensity s m m m s s s m w w m-w m-w m-w s s s s s s s Alkanes -CH3 -CH2Alkenes (stretch) (bend) (bend) (stretch) CHARACTERISTIC INFRARED FREQUENCIES (bend) Aromatic (stretch) (out-of-plane bend) Alkyne Aldehyde C=C C C C=O (stretch) Alkene (stretch) Aromatic (stretch) Alkyne (stretch) Aldehyde (stretch) Ketone (acyclic) Carboxylic Acid Ester Amide Anhydride Alcohols‚ ethers‚ esters carboxylic acids Alcohols
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and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) General Form of IUPAC Nomenclature [branching substituent(s)] Root [Suffix] Rules: 1. Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. This chain determines the parent name (root) of the alkane. The parent suffix for alkanes is‚ not surprisingly‚ -ane. For chains of equal length‚ pick the one with the most substituents. (Note: I number all possibilities going from left to right – identify the longest chain) 2. Number the chain beginning at the
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Appendix APPENDIX 1 Chemical tests for functional groups Homologous series/ Typical compound Functional group(s) Alkanes CH3CH3 ethane C – C and C–H Alkenes CH2 = CH2 ethene C=C Chemical tests/Observations Add liquid bromine in ultraviolet light (or sunlight): White fumes of HBr liberated; decolourisation of bromine occurs slowly (a) Add Br2 in CCl4 at room temperature: Decolourisation of bromine occurs immediately CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → CH2BrCH2Br (b) Add acidified
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C and H atoms. They include the alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes‚ and aromatic hydrocarbons. Because of their relatively nonpolarity‚ all hydrocarbons are insoluble in water. Hydrocarbons may be divided into two large classes namely: Saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are the simplest type of organic compounds. They are hydrocarbons in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. An example of a saturated hydrocarbon is an alkane. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons
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Analysis of Hydrocarbons Leoncito‚ Alyssa Lynn‚ Libatique‚ Keith Martin P.‚ Ligot‚ Nestlhyn B.*‚ Lim‚ Jamie Therese T. Department of Psychology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Four organic samples: hexane‚ cyclohexene‚ napthalene and toulene were given to serve as reference standards to characterize and distinguish four unknown given samples. Nitration‚ bromine and basic oxidation testswere conducted to classify the different samples from being an aliphatic‚ or aromatic
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IntroductionA dehydration reaction of an alcohol results in an alkene. This type of reaction requires an alcohol‚ an acid catalyst and heat. Generally strong concentrated acids‚ like sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid‚ are used as the acid catalyst.The acid catalyst protonates the alcohol‚ to make a much better leaving group. Weakest bases make the best leaving groups‚ so once the alcohol is protonated the leaving group leaves and produces in a carbocation and water. In order to form the double bond
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