I strongly disagree with Searle’s concept in “strong Al” which suggests that, indeed a well-programmed computer can function as a brain, due to their artificial intelligence that can even explain and understand what we cannot comprehend. In addition, he believes that computers do possess cognitive states. However, he objects using…
2. (TCO B) ________ are visual tools for presenting performance data in a BI system. (Points : 8)…
In “Can Computers Think?” John Searle argues against the prevailing view in philosophy, psychology, and artificial intelligence, which emphasizes the analogies between the functioning of the human brain and the functioning of digital computers. (Searle, 372) He asks whether a digital computer, as defined, can think. Specifically, he asks whether instantiating or implementing the right computer program with the right inputs and outputs is sufficient to, or constitutive of, thinking, to which he answers no, since “computer programs are defined purely syntactically.” (Searle, 376) In this essay, I will argue that, according to Searle’s own definition of semantic understanding, computers do have at least a minimal amount of semantics. I will argue that Margret Boden’s objections to Searle’s argument in “Escaping from the Chinese Room” are strong and that the internal symbols and procedures of computer program “do embody minimal understanding.” (Boden, 387)…
John Searle is an American philosopher, known for creating the Chinese Room thought experiment to challenge the notion of strong AI. Searle’s work, Minds, Brains and Programs, introduces the Chinese Room and provides answers to many of the replies that came from presenting the thought experiment to the public. According to Searle, AI is a rigorous tool used for solving problems that will be more precise than any human can be. Strong AI, however is not just a tool. Rather “the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states,” (Jacobsen, 147). Searle’s Chinese Room is meant to refute the claim that the programs, which a…
In response to French’s criticism on how the Turing Test is lacking in terms of evaluating machine intelligence accurately, Dale Jacquette criticizes his argument. “It is an empirical matter whether all intelligence is, or is not, sufficiently like human intelligence to be indistinguishable in verbal behavioral expression from that of intelligent humans. It is an open question to be decided by science rather than by a priori philosophical analogies and thought experiments” (Jacquette 68). Jacquette argues that the best way to measure intelligence is verbally because language can tell us many things about an individual such as how they interact and communicate with others, and the Turing Test does that. He also notes that science and philosophical theories are two different things, and French is getting them mixed up.…
In this paper I will argue that computers cannot have minds. Using examples from Descartes, Turing, and Searle about the definitions of the mind and how it works to support my claim. I will be using the thoughts and examples used by these gentlemen to show how they are relevant in our understanding of the question at hand: Can a Computer have a mind?…
A popular topic among post-human conversation is that of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is a complex and controversial subject that has received, and is still receiving much attention among scholars. The general premise of artificial intelligence is to simulate or surpass one of the core components of human beings, intelligence. Intelligence is a defining feature that sets human beings apart from other living entities, our ability to use logic and reason far surpasses any other creatures’ in the animal kingdom. Many scientist have experimented with the boundaries of intelligence, and it could be broke down into many sub-divisions. For the purpose of this essay I will be exploring notions as well as representations of what is known as ‘Strong Artificial intelligence’. Strong artificial intelligence refers specifically to the artificial intelligence that is meant to exceed human intelligence and is associated with certain characteristics such as consciousness, self-awareness, sentience, and sapience (Steels 75-110).…
John R. Searle is an American philosopher and is currently a professor at the University of California, Berkley. John R. Searle became very well known due to his philosophy about whether computers truly have the ability to think like humans do. In his article, “Mind, Brains, and Programs”, Searle makes two different claims, the idea of weak artificial intelligence, and the idea of strong artificial intelligence. Weak artificial intelligence is essentially a grouping of computer programs, which need human input whereas strong artificial intelligence has the ability to think and have the same cognitive brain activity as humans do. Searle accepts the idea of weak artificial intelligence but on the other hand he rejects strong artificial intelligence…
A controversial issue is whether or not computer programs have actual minds of their own or if they are just programmed to give the appropriate responses. John Searle a famous philosopher designed a thought example to test the human mind comparing it to a programmed computer. The thought experiment placed an English speaker with no knowledge of Chinese written symbols or Chinese…
.What weighs about three pounds but has more parts than there are stars in the Milky Way galaxy? What fills the space occupied by only three pints of milk yet includes components that, laid end to end, would stretch several hundred thousand miles? What looks like an oversized walnut made of soft, grayish-pink cheese but contains the equivalent of 100 trillion tiny calculators? What, according to James Watson, co-discoverer of the helical structure of DNA, is "the most complex thing we have yet discovered in our universe"? To all four of these intriguing questions there is but one surprising answer: the human brain. This miraculous organ is remarkable in its structure, its function, and its chemical composition. What is the brain? According to Richard Restak, the human brain is the master control center of the body. The brain constantly receives information from the senses about conditions both inside the body and outside it. The brain rapidly analyzes this information and then sends out messages that control body functions and actions. ("Brain" 561) According to Tether, the brain is divided into three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. These parts, in turn, are largely made up of nerve cells, called neurons, and helper cells, called glia. Researchers have discovered that there may be as many as 100 billion neurons in the brain and a far greater number of glia, possibly as many as one trillion . Important discoveries throughout the decade of the 1990’s in molecular biology and genetics are revolutionizing our understanding of how the human brain works. Advances in imaging technology are allowing us to learn more about the human brain than ever before in human history. Keith A. Johnson and J. Alex Becker have even placed "The Whole Brain Atlas," which consists of dozens of images of the brain in normal, damaged, and diseased states, on the World Wide Web for anyone with access to the Internet to view and study. One area…
To Searle the definition of computation is “defined syntactically in terms of symbol manipulation.” John Searle uses the Chinese Room as an example of a computerized mind. We have to assume that the man in the room, outside from Chinese people, does not know any Chinese. But he has a set of rules that can help him communicate with the Chinese outside. When he stirs up a conversation, does it really mean that he can understand and write Chinese? Or is it just the mind doing one of the amazing things it can do and translating everything? I do believe that the brain is like a computer but computers have websites and programs that help it function or make the computer useful. So we still have to learn and “download” the programs into our “computer.”…
Recently, the media has spent an increasing amount of broadcast time on new technology. The focus of high-tech media has been aimed at the flurry of advances concerning artificial intelligence (AI). What is artificial intelligence and what is the media talking about? Are these technologies beneficial to our society or mere novelties among business and marketing professionals? Medical facilities, police departments, and manufacturing plants have all been changed by AI but how? These questions and many others are the concern of the general public brought about by the lack of education concerning rapidly advancing computer technology.<br><br>Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a machine to think for itself. Scientists and theorists continue to debate if computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point (Patterson 7). The generally accepted theory is that computers do and will think more in the future. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly because of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic (Patterson 6). Early attempts at AI were neural networks modeled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal at best because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. <br><br>AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower using exotic computers or workstations. Even more exotic is the software that is used. Since…
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents “where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. There are many definitions of AI. The basic objective of AI is to represent humans' thought processes in computers. These machines are supposed to exhibit behavior that, if performed by a human being, would be considered intelligent. An alternate definition, not covered in the text is by Astro Teller: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the science of how to get machines to do the things they do in the movies." On the other hand Wallace Marshal states that "Artificial stupidity (AS) may be defined as the attempt by computer scientists to create computer programs capable of causing problems of a type…
3. The area of AI that investigates methods of facilitating communication between people and computers is:…
My contention is that the usage, by philosophers, psychologists and cognitive scientists, of a computer as a metaphor for the mind is misuse. The mind, nature's most complex survival mechanism, is nothing more or less than a highly sophisticated, finely tuned computer.…