Teenagers vs Adults

TEENAGERS
Introduction
By English Dictionary, the word “teenager”, simply refers to children whose aged is between thirteen and nineteen(13-19). The period of adolescent is most closely associated with teenage years, although its physical, psychological and cultural expressions can begin earlier and end later. It also said to be a period development from the onset of puberty to maturity.

Main idea
1. Cognitive changes ( Andres Martin and Fred R.Volkman,2007,page 282)
2. Physical changes (David R. Shaffer and Katherine Kipp,2010,page 242)
3. Emotional development (David A. Wolfe and Eric J. Mash, 2006, page)
Supporting Ideas
1. Cognitive changes
-Teenager’s brain may be responding with more of gut reaction than an executive or more thinking kind of response.
-Not really think through the consequences or outcomes.
-Difficult to completely understand parent’s word.
-Teenager’s mind characterized by fantasies which can be easily polluted by the sensual appeal.
-Teenagers cannot be easily controlled by the family.
-Easily carried away by fashion and fashionable things.

2. Physical changes -Teenagers having puberty. Girl starts early than boys around puberty period. -Organs will change in size and capacity. Lung performance improves, limbs grow, and bones increase in thickness and volume. The chest and shoulders get broader in boys. In girls, the hips and pelvis get wider. - Muscle strength and size increase during this period. Hand–eye coordination continues to improve over time, along with motor skills. 3. Emotional changes - The intensity of their emotions seems out of proportion to the events that elicit them (Steinberg & Levine, 1997). - Girls are especially vulnerable to depression in adolescence (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). - Emotional fluctuations. Moods become less extreme as adolescents move into adulthood, and this decrease in emotional fluctuation may reflect adaptation to hormone levels (Rosenbaum & Lewis, 2003).

Conclusion
On the outside, teenagers might have a mature body but inside, they might not have developed the self-control and thinking skills of a grown-up. At times, teens might act very grown up and at other times might seem more childlike and dependent on their parent mostly. So, adults need to provide support, reassurance and matter explanations of physical changes.

ADULT
Introduction
An adult is a human being or living organism that is relatively mature age, typically associated with sexual maturity and the attainment of reproductive age. A person who has attained the age of majority and regards as independent, self-sufficient, and responsibility. Adulthood can be defined in terms of physiology, psychological adult development, law, personal character, or social status.
Main Ideas
1. Cognitive development. (Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider,2012,page229)
2. Physical development (Naima Khatoon,2012,page 321)
3. Emotional development (Carol Hoare,2006,page 136)
Supporting Idea
1. Cognitive development.
-The brain carries out a lot of executive functions, or thinking functions.
-Adult thinking is characterized by practical experiences.
-Adult can be easily gripped by perversion.
-They can easily control themselves if they wish to.
-Adult can decipher with some effort what is good and what is bad.

2. Physical development.
-There are three stages : early, middle and late changes.
-Early (19-45): A person gains the last few inches and pounds to his frame. Men especially gain more muscle mass. In women, the hips and breasts finish filling out.
-Middle (45-65): The physical deterioration of the senses continues to decline, although good health during this stage is normal.
-Late (65 and above): Hair loss, skin becomes thinner and more wrinkled, bone density and muscle mass decrease.
3. Emotional development
-emotional development in adulthood is the adaptive integration of emotional experience into satisfying daily life and successful relationships with others” (Thompson & Goodvin, 2005, page 402).
-older adults have better control of their emotions and fewer negative emotions than younger adults (Carstensen, Mikels, & Mather, 2006; Charles & Carstensen, 2004).
-Socioemotional selectivity theory states that older adults become more selective about their social networks.( Löckenhoff & Carstensen,2007)

Conclusion
Adults have a responsibility to help young people understand and accept their evolving sexuality. Each stage of development encompasses specific markers. However, person is an individual and may reach these stages of development earlier or later than others the same age. When concerns arise about a specific young adult 's development, parents or other caregivers should consult a doctor or other developmental professional.

References
1. Interview Deborah Yurgelun-Todd. Available from : http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/interviews/todd.html
2. Teenagers vs adults. Available from: http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-teenagers-and-adults/
3. Adolescents and Adults : Why working together seems impossible. Available from: http://www.cyc-net.org/cyc-online/cycol-1103-baizerman.html

4. Definition of teenager. Available from : www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/English/teenager

5. Cognitive changes in teenagers.
Andres Martin and Fred R. Volkmar,2007,Lewis’s child and adolescents psychiatry, Fourth edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 282
6. Physical changes in teenagers.
David R.Shaffer and Khaterine Kipp,2010, Developmental Psychological, Eighth edition, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, page 242.
7. Emotional changes in teenagers.
David A. Wolfe and Eric J. Mash,2006, Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Adolescents, The Guilford Press, page14.
8. Definition of adult. Available from : www.merriam-webser.com/dictionary/adult 9. Cognitive development in adult.
Carol Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider,2012. Life-span human development, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, page229.
10. Physical development in adult.
Naima Khatoon.2012, General psychological, PEARSON, page 321
11. Emotional development.
Carol Hoare and, 2006,Handbook of Adult Development and Learning, Oxford University Press, page 136.
12. The Emotional Aspect of Personality.
James H. Humphrey,2002, teenagers will be teenagers, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, page 28.
13. Teenagers development. Available from : thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.aspc?sec=lifeparenting&file=2011/618/lifeparenting/881185 14. Adulthood development. Available from : www.ehow.com/about-5333825-physical-development-during-adulthood. 15. Physical changes in teenagers.
Raisingchildren.net.du/articles/physical-changes-teenagers.html/context/1152

References: Carol Hoare and, 2006,Handbook of Adult Development and Learning, Oxford University Press, page 136.