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RP 2011 01 China Japan Web
DIIS REPORT 2011:01

DIIS REPORT

DIIS REPORT

POPULAR NATIONALISM IN
CHINA AND THE SINO-JAPANESE
RELATIONSHIP
THE CONFLICT IN THE EAST CHINA SEA
AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY
Erik Beukel
DIIS REPORT 2011:01

DIIS . DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
1

DIIS REPORT 2011:01
© Copenhagen 2011, Erik Beukel and DIIS
Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS
Strandgade 56, DK-1401 Copenhagen, Denmark
Ph: +45 32 69 87 87
Fax: +45 32 69 87 00
E-mail: diis@diis.dk
Web: www.diis.dk
Cover photo: Ng Han Guan/AP
Layout: Allan Lind Jørgensen
Printed in Denmark by Vesterkopi AS
ISBN 978-87-7605-429-8
Price: DKK 50.00 (VAT included)
DIIS publications can be downloaded free of charge from www.diis.dk
Hardcopies can be ordered at www.diis.dk
This publication is part of DIIS’s Defence and
Security Studies project which is funded by a grant from the Danish Ministry of Defence.

Erik Beukel, Dr.Scient.Pol., Senior Researcher, DIIS www.diis.dk/eke 2

DIIS REPORT 2011:01

Table of Contents

Abstract

4

1. Introduction

5

2. The East China Sea: competing claims

7

3. The rise of anti-Japanese nationalism

10

4. Four dispute crises

12

The 1990 crisis
The 1996 crisis
The 2004–5 crisis
The 2010 crisis

12
12
14
16

5. New initiatives in the ‘00s
‘New thinking’ and a rare public debate
Ups and downs of new agreements

18
18
19

6. Conclusions: the tensions of adopting Janus-like positions

22

Bibliography

25

3

DIIS REPORT 2011:01

Abstract

The Sino-Japanese relationship is a highly complex one, marked both by Japan’s aggressive wars from the 1930s on and the present economic interdependence between the two countries. Focusing on the role of the territorial conflict in the East China
Sea, this DIIS Report considers how China’s leaders handle anti-Japanese nationalism by adopting a Janusian stance and pursuing both China’s basic interest in close economic relations with Japan and also domestic stability. After a review of Chinese and Japanese sovereignty claims in the area



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(2004), ‘National Insecurities: Humiliation, Salvation, and Chinese Nationalism’, Alternatives, Vol Chang, Maria Hsia (1998), ‘Chinese irredentist nationalism: The magician’s last trick’, Contemporary Strategy, 17:1, pp Chen Zhimin and Zhang Zhijun (2004), ‘Embracing or Balancing: China’s Search for a Japan Strategy, International Review, Autumn 2004 www.irchina/en/pdf/czml.pdf Chien-peng Chung (1998), ‘The Diaoyu/Diaoyuta/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Domestic Politics and the Limits of Diplomacy’, American Asian Review, 16, 3, Fall Chien-peng Chung (2007), ‘Resolving China’s Island Disputes: A Two-Level Game Analysis’, Journal of Chinese Political Science, vol Christensen, Thomas J. (1999), ‘China, the U.S.–Japan Alliance, and the security Dilemma in East Asia’, International Security, Vol Collins, Alan (2002), ‘East Asia and the Pacific Rim: Japan and China’, Mark Webber and Michael Smith (eds.), Foreign Policy in a Transformed World, Harlow: Prentice Hall, pp Deans, Phil (2000), ‘Contending Nationalisms and the Diaoyutai/Senkaku Dispute’, Security Dialogue, Vol. 31(1), pp. 119–31. Donaldson, John and Alison Williams (2005), ‘Understanding Maritime Jurisdictional Disputes: The East China Sea and Beyond’, Journal of International Affairs, Fall/Winter 2005, Vol. 59, Issue 1, pp. 135–56. Downs, Erica Strecker and Phillip C. Saunders (1998/99), ‘Legitimacy and the Limits of Nationalism’, International Security, Vol Drifte, Reinhard (2008a), ‘Japanese–Chinese territorial dispute in the East China Sea – between military confrontation and economic cooperation’, Working Paper 24 Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Drifte, Reinhard (2008b), ‘From “Sea of Confrontation” to “Sea of Peace, Cooperation and Friendship”? – Japan Facing China in the East Asia Sea’, Japan aktuell, 3/2008, pp. 27–51. Drifte, Reinhard (2009), ‘Territorial Conflicts in the East China Sea – From Missed Opportunities to Negotiation Stalemate’, The Asia–Pacific Journal, Vol. 22–3–09, June 11, 2009. Dzurek, Daniel (1996), The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute, 18 October 1996. #45, October 6, 2010. Er, Lam Peng (1996), ‘Japan and the Spratlys Dispute: Aspirations and Limitations’, Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 10, Oct. 1996, pp. 975–1010. Fravel, M. Taylor (2005), ‘Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China’s Compromise in Territorial Disputes’, International Security, Vol Fravel, M. Taylor (2008), Strong Borders, Secure Nation. Cooperation and Conflict in China’s Territorial Disputes, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Fravel, M. Taylor (2010), ‘Explaining Stability in the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands Dispute’, Gerald Curtis, Ryosei Kokubun and Wang Jisi, (eds), Getting the Triangle Straight: Managing China–Japan–US Relations, Washington, DC: The Goldstein, Avery (2005), Rising to the Challenge. China’s Grand Strategy and International Security, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Gries, Peter Hays (2004), China’s New Nationalism. Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy, Berkeley: University of California Press. Gries, Peter Hays (2005a), ‘Nationalism, Indignation and China’s Japan Policy’, SAIS Review, vol Gries, Peter Hays (2005b), ‘China’s “New Thinking” on Japan’, The China Quarterly, No. 184, pp. 831–50. Guo, Sujian (ed.) (2006), China’s “Peaceful Rise” in the 21st Century. Domestic and International Conditions, Aldershot: Ashgate. Guo, Sujian and Jean-Marc F. Blanchard (eds.) (2008), “Harmonious World” and China’s New Foreign Policy, Lanham; Lexington Books. He, Yinan (2007a), ‘History, Chinese Nationalism and the Emerging Sino-Japa26 DIIS REPORT 2011:01 He, Yinan (2007b), ‘Remembering and Forgetting the War. Elite Mythmaking, Mass Reaction, and Sino-Japanese Relations, 1950–2006’, History &Memory: studies in representation of the past, Vol Hughes, Christopher R. (2006), Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era, London and New York: Routledge. Ikenberry, G. John and Michael Mastanduno (2003), ‘Conclusion. Images of Order in the Asia–Pacific and the Role of the United States’, Ikenberry and Mastanduno (eds.), International Relations Theory and the Asia–Pacific, New York: Columbia University Press. Jakobson, Linda and Dean Knox (2010), New Foreign Policy Actors in China, SIPRI Policy Paper No. 26, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, September 2010. Jian Yang (2001), China’s Security Strategy Towards Japan: Perceptions, Policies and Prospects, Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, New Jin Qiu (2006), ‘The Politics of History and Historical Memory in China–Japan Relations’, Journal of Chinese Political Science, vol Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye (2001), Power and Interdependence, New York: Longman, Third Edition. Liu, Shih-Ding (2006), ‘China’s popular nationalism on the internet. Report on the 2005 anti-Japan network struggles’, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Volume 7, Mahbubani, Kishore (2010), ‘Results Matter: Pragmatism Prevails in Asia’, Global Asia, Vol Manicom, James and Andrew O’Neil (2009), ‘Sino-Japanese strategic relations: will rivalry lead to confrontation?’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, McGregor, Richard (2010), The Party. The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers, London: Allen Lane. Niksch, Larry A. (1996), Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands Dispute: The U.S. Legal Relationship and Obligations, Congressional Research Service, Report 96–798, Updated September 30, 1996.

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