Feminist and Womanist Criticism of African Literature: a Bibliography

Feminist and Womanist Criticism of African Literature:
A Bibliography

By Sharon Verba

July 20, 1997

Those women who struggle without giving up hope, herald the impending change...: change in attitude for both men and women as they evaluate and re-evaluate their social roles.... -Rosemary Moyana, "Men & Women"

Rereading, willful misreading, and de- and re-coding are tools used in African literature and womanist or feminist discourse to challenge "canonized 'literature '" that tends to black out Black and blanch out Woman. -Kofi Owusu, "Canons Under Siege"

[T]he collective effort has to emerge from the ranks of those whose life is theorized. -Sisi Maqagi, "Who Theorizes"

Feminist criticism of African literatures is a steadily growing field. The following bibliography includes articles and essays in English and French which examine African literatures (fiction, poetry, drama and oral literature) from a feminist or womanist perspective. It does not include, unfortunately, criticism in other languages -- such as Wolof, Xhosa, Zulu, Portuguese, German, or Arabic -- due to my own inability to read those languages. Also, authors whose works are originally written in languages other than French or English, such as Ngugi wa Thiongo 's plays and the novel, Devil on the Cross, and Nawal al Sa 'dawi 's works, may be under-represented in this bibliography, as criticism often tends to be written in the language of the work being addressed.

The first sections of this essay will present overviews on two key issues for those interested in both feminism and African literatures: the current debate over the role of feminist criticisms in addressing African literatures, and an examination of the changes which have developed over the past decade in the ways feminist criticism approaches African literatures. This examination will trace these changes from 1985-1996 by considering articles which represent the ongoing evolution of feminist criticism in this field. Finally, this essay also includes a section which explains my methodology and sources in compiling the bibliography, and a section offering hints for future searches, especially of online indexes.

Feminist Criticism and African Literature

Many issues of concern to feminist/womanist thought are raised and addressed in these articles.(1) Among the issues taken up in the state of feminist theory and criticism are the importance of feminism as a literary critical method; the representation and mis-representation of women in literary texts; the education of women; the access of women to the economic means of survival; motherhood; women in the domestic sphere; women as part of their communities; women 's role in politics and revolution; sexuality; and the direct treatment of women by men, and men by women. Underlying this array of specific interests are questions of gender in representation and of the reality or realities of life for women in Africa--past, present, and future. The arguments found in the articles in this bibliography present a multiplicity of views, a few of which may even be anti-feminist, but all of which make gender a basis of discussion, and all of which offer much for the consideration of feminist thought with respect to African literatures.

The state of feminist literary criticism/thought in Africa "now" is the direct focus of several of the articles, although all of the articles could be said in some degree or another to be a part of this particular debate. I put "now" in quotations, because these articles cover a broad range of time--1980-1996-- and those which focus on this particular topic present an evolving discourse. Two collections of essays in particular are noteworthy for their presentation of a range of ideas on feminism and literary criticism in Africa: Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature (1986) and South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory and Criticism 1990-1994 (1995).

Ngambika includes twenty articles which focus on the representation of women in African literature. Taken together the articles provide an invaluable overview of the types of feminist criticism being applied to African literatures in the mid 1980s, although most do not focus on the issue of feminism as a critical method. One essay in this collection proves a notable exception. In the collection 's introductory essay Carole Boyce Davies(2) does write of the tension found in the works of many critics of African literatures, especially female critics. These critics, she says, work out of a growing awareness of the requirement to balance both "the need to liberate African peoples from neo-colonialism and other forms of race and class oppression, coupled with a respect for certain features of traditional African cultures," and "the recognition that a feminist consciousness is necessary in examining the position of women in African societies" (1). Davies then outlines the issues of women writers in Africa (including the relatively small number of women writers) and the presentation of women in fiction written by African men, as well as the development of an African feminist criticism. In her treatment of the latter concern, she lists four major areas which African feminist critics tend to address: the development of the canon of African women writers, the examination of stereotyped images of women in African literature, the study of African women writers and the development of an African female aesthetic, and the examination of women and the oral tradition (13-14). While Davies acknowledges the objections African women writers and critics have to the term "feminist" and discusses womanist theory, she focuses on the idea of a developing African feminist theory which will not only perform the balancing act mentioned at the beginning, but continue to address the major issues she has outlined.

Seven years later, in the 1993 publication A History of Twentieth-Century African Literatures, Davies and Elaine Savory Fido contributed a chapter entitled "African Women Writers: A Literary History." In it, they examine African women writers and their writings, focusing especially on the styles and genres used by these writers. Included is a brief segment on "Feminism and African Women Writers" as well as a separate section on "Criticism and African Women 's Writing." In the section on feminism, they note the continued reluctance of many African women writers and critics to be labeled as feminists because of the overtones of westernization the term carries, but they also point out that most African women writers are committed, in the words of Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie, "as a writer, as a woman and as a third world person" (339). This triple commitment encompasses much of the politics of African feminism, as well as womanism, whether the labels are accepted or not. Fido and Davies conclude: "The role and history of feminist politics or activism on women 's rights in Africa is a discourse which African women are studying and clarifying for themselves" (339). One of the places in which this discourse can be seen is South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory and Criticism 1990-1994.

South African Feminisms presents a collection of articles on feminist literature and criticism, including and expanding the debate on feminist criticism of African literatures which was part of the special issue Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 2 (1990). M.J. Daymond 's introduction gives a good overview of the issues raised in the collection, including the debate over feminist criticism and the development of an African feminist theory. The section "Theory and Context" includes eight articles originally published from 1990-1993. Taken together, these articles constitute an excellent sampling of some of the issues and trends in African feminist criticism, including Sisi Maqagi 's "Who Theorizes?" in which she questions the ability of white critics, African or non-African, female or male, to develop a theory which will adequately address the issues of black African women, rather than appropriating those issues, and the voices which raise them. Jill Arnott, in an article entitled "French Feminism in a South Africa? Gayatri Spivak and the Problem of Representation in South African Feminism," contends that difference, which can often lead to misrepresentation, can also at times lead to accurate and insightful work: "to power a genuinely dialectical interaction between two vigilantly foregrounded subject-positions," but only with an awareness of the position of difference and a consciousness of the act of representation (87). Desiree Lewis, in "The Politics of Feminism in South Africa," counters that such a conscious and effective use of difference may well be impossible, as long as there is a political climate in which white female academics are attempting to hold on to their power within the academy, at the expense of black women. In the same article she also points out that unless black working class women can make their statements about the current "oppressive orthodoxies" and do so without creating, as she argues Western feminism has, another oppressive orthodoxy, there may be no way out of the current impasse.

Changes in Feminist Criticism of African Literature

Although some of the articles included in this bibliography, like those above, examine feminist literary criticism as a topic, most focus on literary concerns: texts, authors, or issues. In the seventeen years this bibliography spans there are shifts in the coverage these concerns are given. Critical analyses of individual authors naturally both broaden and deepen over the years, especially as an individual author 's body of work grows or is reclaimed from obscurity. In general, in the 1990s there are fewer works of criticism that examine several authors and more which focus on individuals and their work than there were in the 1980s. Also, the topics focused upon subtly shift over the years. "Images of women in the works of...." could be the subtitle for many of the articles written in the 1980s as feminist critics examined representations, or misrepresentations, of African women in literary texts. At the same time these critics raised the question of the role of African authors, male and female, in expanding and/or correcting such representations. These concerns are still addressed; indeed, the feminist criticism on these topics is, like the criticism of specific authors, expanding and deepening. To highlight these changes, I shall examine here some of the collections and representative individual articles which have been produced over the years, beginning with the landmark collection Ngambika, which was published in 1986, followed by Women in African Literature Today in 1987, articles by Kofi Owusu and Elleke Boehmer in 1990, the 1990 issue of Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature published in 1995 and The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature in 1996.

All of the articles in the first section of Ngambika overtly tackle the issue of the representations of women in the works of African authors. Carole Boyce Davies writes one of these articles: "Maidens, Mistresses, and Matrons: Feminine Images in Selected Soyinka Works." In it, she argues that Soyinka often offers only stereotyped images of women which fall into one of three categories: the foolish virgin in rural settings, the femme fatale in urban settings, and the masculinized matron. Those characters which fall in the latter category, in Davies ' opinion, come closest to being non-stereotypes, but even they are drawn with "no depth" (81). The "foolish virgins" and the "femme fatales," Davies argues, fill only the roles of stereotypes and symbols, possessions or trophies to be won away from Western influences by African traditions, or, more threateningly, these women are seen as dangers which can distract and destroy. Davies acknowledges that Soyinka sometimes shows women briefly in a positive light but notes that "throughout Soyinka 's works one finds the kernel of positive portrayal of the female image which is never fully realized" (85). Davies concludes with the argument "that the artist has the power to create new realities;...women as neither victors nor victims but partners in struggle" (86). Davies ' article is representative of the criticism which examines the image of women in African literatures. That is, she carefully addresses the concerns of the author (i.e. the need for recognizable symbols) as she argues against the relegation of women solely to symbolic roles, asking for characterizations which do not "[reinforce] a negative perception of self to the female viewer/reader and, concomitantly, a condescension in the appraisal of women on the part of the male" (78).

In the years following the publishing of Ngambika, several journals and monograph series devoted to African literatures published issues on women as authors of or characters in African literatures. One of the first was the Women in African Literature Today issue of African Literature Today (Vol. 15). Like Ngambika, this issue contains many excellent articles, almost all of which are written from a feminist perspective. I would like to discuss two of these articles as representative not merely of this particular collection, but of the feminist criticism on African literatures being published at this time.

In "Feminist Issues in the Fiction of Kenya 's Women Writers" Jean F. O 'Barr list three main categories of feminist concerns in the fiction of Kenyan woman writers: "how female children become women; ...what marriage means for women;...where women 's work fits into their lives" (57). O 'Barr notes that the women authors she analyzes "all write from the woman 's point of view, sharply underscoring the idea that the female perspective .... may be different from the male perspective on the same topic" (58). O 'Barr analyzes the works of Kenya 's female authors from a sociological approach, hoping to establish a stronger image of the social lives of Kenya 's women than is possible from the works of male authors. She concludes that Kenya 's women find themselves in a quadruple bind: "they see themselves performing traditional roles...without traditional resources...while at the same time they are undertaking modern activities...while being denied access to modern support systems" (69).

While O 'Barr looks at the fiction of Kenyan women in order to locate the reality of women 's lives, Katherine Frank attempts in the controversial article "Women without Men: The Feminist Novel in Africa" to find a radically feminist future for African women. Frank endeavors to place African women writers into the Western feminist mold by speaking of their work as a more radical extension of the Western feminist tradition. In speaking of "the contemporary British or American novel" she claims "our heroine slams the door on her domestic prison, journeys out into the great world, slays the dragon of her patriarchal society, and triumphantly discovers the grail of feminism by 'finding herself, '" (14). She argues that in comparison African novels by women go far beyond their Western counterparts, refusing to "dabble in daydreaming about enlightened heroes or reformed, non-sexist societies," (15). Frank finds that the "feminist" writers of Africa portray women not only as taking on active and shared roles with men, but as finding "a destiny of their own. ...a destiny with a vengeance," (15). Frank contends that Mariama Ba, Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta and Ama Ata Aidoo 's novels are, in their feminisms, "more radical, even more militant, than [their] Western counterpart[s]" (15). But Frank 's interpretations place African heroines on a path which is not different, but rather the same, if more intense, than the one taken by the British and American heroines she notes above. Frank stresses that in these novels women find only pain and degradation in their relationships with men, but on their own and in their relationships with other women they find "female solidarity, power, independence" (33). In her interpretation, Barr neglects to note examples in which the future is shared by men and women. For example, when she speaks of Mariama Ba 's So Long a Letter, she focuses on Ramatoulaye and Aissatou 's friendship and the "world they create apart from men," (20). While this in itself glosses over the complex (and by no means completely negative) relationships these women have with the men in their lives, she also does not speak of Ramatoulaye 's daughter and son-in-law, and the hope Ramatoulaye finds in their relationship. In this article, Frank does not acknowledge a difference between demonstrating that a woman 's worth is not inextricable from her relationship with men, that a woman can take care of herself, as Ramatoulaye discovers, and an actual desire to live a life without men. However, controversial as some of her interpretations are, her essay effectively outlines the some of the subtle feminisms of African women novelists.

Katherine Frank 's stance is one which falls into the category of "radical, feminist-separatist ideology" which Kofi Owusu defines and rejects in his article in Callaloo entitled "Canons Under Siege: Blackness, Femaleness, and Ama Ata Aidoo 's Our Sister Killjoy"(1990). While Frank sees Aidoo 's character Sissie as moving towards an autonomous, self-determining life without men (Frank 32), Owusu finds Aidoo to be "in tune with the 'old ' (Achebe 's 'vast corpus of African traditional stories ') and the 'new ' ( 'modern feminist theory ') (357). Owusu sees Aidoo, and other female writers, not as bridging a gap between Western and African thought but creating something new out of both and challenging the canons that would ignore either black or female concerns. Much of Owusu 's article analyzes "the discontinuities as well as continuities between womanist-feminist perspectives, on the one hand, and African literature, on the other" (342), allowing Owusu to regard Aidoo 's work as one which "give[s] a sense of structural and linguistic irony which is functional. ...signify[ing] a couple of things: the need for, and very process of, revamping" (361). Here, the canons need to be reformed in recognition of both race and gender, not one or the other, or one without the other.

While Kofi Owusu focused on Aidoo 's linguistic and textual manipulations, the question of the image of women in African literature continues to be a highly examined topic. Elleke Boehmer explores the construction of women as mothers, whores, representations of national pride, or finally, as spiritual advisors and supporters, but not as individuals actively and crucially involved in political activity. In "Of Goddesses and Stories: Gender and a New Politics in Achebe 's Anthills of the Savannah," Boehmer analyzes Chinua Achebe 's efforts to include women in his re-vision of the future and questions whether women remain a "vehicle" of transformation rather than actual women with an active role in the future of the country, that is, whether "woman is the ground of change or discursive displacement but not the subject of transformation" (102). She concludes that Achebe has still idealized women but that his creation of a female character with an important yet undefined role for the future has opened up space for women to have active and involved roles, side by side with men, in the building of the future. Like Davies ' article on Soyinka from Ngambika discussed earlier, Boehmer 's work recognizes Achebe 's literary prowess and commends his willingness to make women positive symbols, but in the end laments the lack of depth in his female characters.

Although South African Feminisms was published in 1996, many of the articles in it come from the 1990 issue of Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, which was dedicated to "Feminism and Writing." This issue continued the trend of publishing articles debating not only the appropriateness of feminism in an African context but also the challenges of applying it to African literatures, as well as articles focusing on women writers or women 's images in literature. In "A Correspondence Without Theory: Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions," Brenda Bosman addresses the psychological dislocation forced upon the women of the heroine 's family by "Englishness," the term used by her mother to describe the process of assimilation which various members of the family undergo. However, one of the most interesting aspects of the article is Bosman 's explicit attempt to find a position from which to speak, as a white South African woman, to --not for, or of-- Dangarembga. She writes her article in the form of a letter to Dangarembga, and acknowledges that she might not have succeeded in finding a legitimate position: "you may find... despite all my conscious efforts, I have nonetheless submitted to the voice of my education"(311). Considering the problematics of education in Nervous Conditions, this could be seen as a double entendre, but her article shows a conscious attempt to find a place from which to speak comfortably, an increasingly difficult matter for some African feminists.

The last two articles I will discuss reveal change in the field of feminist criticism of Africa on two levels: both are located in collections of essays on African literature which can be considered "general," and both are examples of the further increase in variety in the forms of feminist criticism of African literature. Although very good collections of critical essays focusing exclusively on women and African literature are published, it is important to note that few, if any "general" collections are now being published without the inclusion of at least one, if not several essays which address feminist concerns. In Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature (1995), there are three articles which are written from a feminist perspective. One of these is Belinda Jack 's "Strategies of Transgression in the Writings of Assia Djebar." In it she explores the means by which Djebar writes for Arabic women of Algeria in the language of the colonizer. Jack distinguishes Djebar 's writings by arguing that her "texts are not written in the French language but a French language" a language which no longer belongs to the colonizers because of the deliberate shifts Djebar makes (23). Jack also notes that Djebar also transgresses against Islam in her choices of subject matter, especially sexuality, again firm in the knowledge that while such speech may be a transgression, it is only a transgression because with speech (or writing) comes power.

The last article I wish to discuss also focuses on Assia Djebar and her concerns with Islam. The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature (1996) contains four articles which approach literature from a distinctly feminist perspective: one on Somali women 's Sittaat (songs sung for and to notable women in Islamic history), one on the tradition of female Islamic writers in Nigeria, and two which examine Djebar 's Loin de Medine. In "Daughters of Hagar: Daughters of Muhammad" Sonia Lee argues that through her early fictional exploration of women in Islam, Djebar is attempting to make a space for Islamic women "to reclaim the true law of God" (60). Lee finds that Djebar 's historical training combined with her literary skills allow her to "[oscillate] between the actual and the probable, thus underlying the real subject matter of the novel, ....the problematic of Islamic collective memory with regard to women" (51). The above articles typify the growing expansion of feminist approaches to African literatures. While feminist criticisms continue to broaden the literary canon by bringing literature by African women to critical attention and continue to address the representation of African women in literatures, the methods used by such criticism in relation to African literatures continue to evolve. As feminist critics, both African and non-African, use sociological, linguistic, psychoanalytic, historical and other approaches to broaden the examination of African literatures, at least some Western feminist critics are also trying to incorporate a heightened awareness of their own positions with regards to the authors and literatures they discuss.

Methodology

This bibliography is, in every sense of the word, selective. African authors were included if an article (in English or French) could be located which discussed him or her from the angle of feminism, womanism, or the treatment of gender. Authors were not excluded or included on any other basis, including race and gender. Interviews were included for many of the female writers because such interviews often are a main source of feminist thought (their own) on their works. The sources I used to find these articles were the bibliographies of African literature located in the journal Callaloo (1987-89 and 1990-93), the MLA Bibliography, the African studies bibliographies for the years 1995-96, the CD-Rom resource Women 's Resources International, 1972-August 1996, as well as various library catalogs for monographs, whether collections or single-authored. In addition, I scanned the bibliographies of articles and books to find other relevant citations. There are several good bibliographies which focus, at least in part, on feminist criticism of African literatures from the 1970s through the mid 1980s. Brenda Berrian 's Bibliography of African Women Writers and Journalists, Carole Boyce Davies ' "A Bibliography of Criticism and Related Works" in Ngambika, and Barbara Fister 's bibliography on criticism in Third World Women 's Literature in combination cover this earlier period very thoroughly. I did not use these bibliographies to compile this one; to avoid excess duplication, I have focused on criticism published from 1980 on and simply cite these earlier bibliographies at the end of this one, although I am sure some duplication has occurred.

This bibliography is organized by authors and also includes a section on general works, which is organized first by those which cover African literatures without focusing on a specific country, region or author, then by region, and then individual countries. Works of criticism are placed in this section if they refer to several authors/works from the continent, a particular region, or country. If an article focuses on four or fewer authors, it is included under the name of each author.

The bibliography includes articles on eighty-seven individual authors, as well as general articles on Africa, East Africa, North Africa, West Africa, Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Somali, South Africa, and Zimbabwe; it cites more than four hundred articles and monographs. It is interesting to compare the authors found in this bibliography with the ninety-five authors found in the biography section of Hans Zell 's A New Reader 's Guide to African Fiction (1st ed., 1971; 2nd rev. ed.,1983). The authors in Zell 's work are often considered the early canon of African literatures. Only twenty-five authors appear in both the current bibliography and Hans Zell 's Guide. There may be several reasons for this difference. Many of the authors included in my bibliography were not then considered a part of the canon of African literature; and a few had not even published at the time Zell 's work appeared. Carole Boyce Davies also offers an insight which may explain the lack of overlap. She notes in her introduction to Ngambika that one of the priorities of African feminist literary criticism is "the development of a canon of African women writers and a parallel canon of critical works with the final aim of expanding the African literary canon" (14). The Guides were compiled in the early years of this expansion, and it is quite possible that today the lists would be more reflective of each other. At the same time, many African women writers actively rebuke attempts to place African men on the defensive, arguing that a critical approach to literature (as well as other social, political, and cultural expressions) must explore the strengths of both African women and African men. While feminist criticism does focus on male authors, it more often strives to bring to the forefront of literary discussions the works of female African authors and the strong, individualistic portrayals of women they offer.

Future Search Hints

The issues discussed above make feminist criticism of African fiction an exciting and dynamic field. They also make it a very complex field to research. There are several issues to keep in mind when beginning research in this area. One of the most difficult to overcome is the lack of coverage of this area in mainstream indexing sources, such as the MLA, especially when one looks for early works, which were often carried in journals not then indexed by the MLA. Other sources which do cover these journals, such as the excellent bibliographies periodically offered by Callaloo on studies of African literature, do not offer separate sections for feminist criticism, and it is necessary to assess which ones are relevant by the titles or, at times, the authors, of the articles. For my own part it should be noted that it is entirely possible that I have missed articles which should appear in this bibliography. Many of the best sources are only available in print, such as International African Bibliography, Current Bibliography of African Affairs, and Cahiers d 'etudes africaines, which are more time-consuming to search, but well worth the effort.

As the discussion above indicates, the term "feminism" can be extremely limiting when it is being used as a descriptor in either online or print indexes. For this reason, it is advisable to keep other terms in mind when searching for articles, whether in print or electronic resources, such as the keywords/descriptors "Gender" and "Womanism/Womanist". It is important, as well, not to limit searches to the term "African." While some articles are indexed with this descriptor, those articles which deal with a specific author may be listed under that author 's country instead, as of course are those which deal with the literatures of a specific region or country. Finally, especially when searching for articles in online indexes, it is useful to keep in mind specific topics, such as "sexuality," "motherhood," and "politics" combined with "women" or "female."

Essay Bibliography

Boehmer, Elleke. "Of Goddesses and Stories: Gender and a New Politics in Achebe 's Anthills of the Savannah." Chinua Achebe: A Celebration. Ed: Kirstin Holst Peterson and Anna Rutherford. Oxford: Heinemann, 1990. 102-12.

Bosman, Brenda. "A Correspondence Without Theory: Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, 2 1990. Rpt. in South African Feminisms:Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 301-311.

Davies, Carole Boyce. "Introduction: Feminist Consciousness and African Literary Criticism." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 1-23.

---- "Maidens, Mistresses and Maidens: Feminine Images in Selected Soyinka Works." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 75-88.

Frank, Katherine. "Women Without Men: The Feminist Novel in Africa." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 14-34.

Jack, Belinda. "Strategies of Transgression in the Writings of Assia Djebar." Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature. Ed. Abdulrazak Gurnah. Oxford: Heinemann, 1995. 19-31.

Lee, Sonia. "Daughters of Hagar: Daughters of Muhammad." The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 51-61.

Moyana, Rosemary. "Men & Women: Gender Issues in Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions &She No Longer Weeps." New Trends and Generations in African Literature. Ed. Eldred Durosimi Jones. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1996.

O 'Barr, Jean. "Feminist Issues in the Fiction of Kenya 's Women." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 55-70.

Owusu, Kofi. "Canons Under Siege: Blackness, Femaleness, and Ama Ata Aidoo 's Our Sister Killjoy." Callaloo. 13.2 (1990): 341-363.

1. The terms womanist and feminist are the subject of some debate. "Womanism" or "womanist" represent an effort by African, African-American and Caribbean writers to distinguish the particular context and struggles of women in these cultures from Western European notions of feminism. For further analysis of the relationship of womanism and feminism see, Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves, eds., Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature (Trenton, NJ: Africa World P, 1986) 11-12. Throughout the remainder of this overview I will use the term 'feminism ' to encompass the scope of feminist and womanist views.

2. It should be noted that neither Davies nor her Ngambika co-editor, Anne Adams Graves, are African. Neither is Elaine Savory Fido, with whom Davies wrote the chapter "African Women Writers" for A History of Twentieth Century African Literatures.

Bibliography of Feminist Criticism in French and English of African Literatures

Achebe, Chinua

Boehmer, Elleke. "Of Goddesses and Stories: Gender and a New Politics in Achebe 's Anthills of the Savannah." Chinua Achebe: A Celebration. Ed. Kirstin Holst Peterson and Anna Rutherford. Oxford: Heinemann, 1990. 102-12.

Cobham, Rhonda. "Making Men and History: Achebe and the Politics of Revisionism." Approaches to Teaching Achebe 's Things Fall Apart. Ed. by Bernth Lindfors. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1991. 91-100.

---- "Problems of Gender and History in the Teaching of Things Fall Apart." Matatu:Journal for African Culture and Society. 7 (1990): 25-39.

Davies, Carole Boyce. "Motherhood in the Works of Male and Female Igbo Writers: Achebe, Emecheta, Nwapa, and Nzekwu." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 241-56.

Jeyifo, Biodun. "Okonkwo and His Mother: Things Fall Apart and Issues of Gender in the Constitution of African Post-Colonial Discourse." Callaloo. 16.4 (1993): 847-58.

Kolawole, Mary Ebun Modupe. "The Omnipresent Past and the Quest for Self-Retrieval in the African Novel." Aspects of Commonwealth Literature. Vol 1. London: Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, 1990. 122-26.

Adiaffi, Jean Marie

Treiber, Jeanette. The Construction of Identity and Representation of Gender in Four African Novels. Diss. University of California, Davis, 1992. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1992. DA9232867.

Interviews:

Adiaffi, Jean-Marie. "Entretien avec Jean-Marie Adiaffi." Nouvelles du Sud. 1 (1985): 103-108.

Aidoo, Ama Ata

Allan, Tuzyline. "Afterword." Changes: A Love Story. New York: Feminist Press at CUNY, 1993.

Berrian, Brenda F. "African Women as Seen in the Works of Flora Nwapa and Ama Ata Aidoo." College Language Association Journal. 25.3 (1982): 331-39.

Booth, James. "Sexual Politics in the Fiction of Ama Ata Aidoo." Commonwealth Essays and Studies. 15.2 (1993): 80-96.

Chapman, Karen C. "Introduction to Ama Ata Aidoo 's Dilemma of a Ghost." Sturdy Black Bridges. Ed. Roseann P. Bell, Bettye J. Parker and Beverly Guy-Sheftall. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1979.

Chetin, Sara. "Reading From a Distance: Ama Ata Aidoo 's Our Sister Killjoy." Black Women 's Writing. Ed. Gina Wisker. New York: St. Martin 's, 1993. 146-159.

Elder, Arlene. "Ama Ata Aidoo and the Oral Tradition: A Paradox of Form and Substance." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 109-18.

Ekpong, Monique O. "Feminist Tendencies in West African Drama: An Analysis of Ama Ata Aidoo 's Anowa." Current Trends in Literature and Language Studies in West Africa. Ed. Ernest N. Emenyonu and Charles E. Nnolim. Ibadan: Kraft Books Limited, 1994. 20-33.

Hill-Lubin, Mildred A. " 'Tell Me, Nana '--The Image of the Grandmother in the Works of Ama Ata Aidoo." Sage. 5 (Summer 1988): 37-42.

Innes, C.L. "Conspicuous Consumption: Corruption and the Body Politic in the Writing of Ayi Kwei Armah and Ama Ata Aidoo." Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature. Ed. Abdulrazak Gurnah. Oxford: Heinemann, 1995. 1-18.

Katrak, Ketu H. (Afterword). No Sweetness Here and Other Stories. By Ama Ata Aidoo. New York: Feminist Press, 1995.

Nwankwo, Chimalum. "The Feminist Impulse and Social Realism in Ama Ata Aidoo 's No Sweetness Here and Our Sister Killjoy." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 151-159.

Owusu, Kofi. "Canons Under Siege: Blackness, Femaleness, and Ama Ata Aidoo 's Our Sister Killjoy." Callaloo. 13.2 (1990): 341-363.

Phillips, Maggie. "Engaging Dreams: Alternative Perspectives on Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta, Ama Ata Aidoo, Bessie Head, and Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Writing." Research in African Literatures. 25.4 (1994): 89-103.

Interviews:

Aidoo, Ama Ata. "Remembering Tomorrow: A Conversation with Ama Ata Aidoo." Interview by Sarah Modebe. African Woman. 5 (Autumn 1991): 31-33.

"We Were Feminists in Africa First." Interview by Maja-Pearce, Adewale. Index on Censorship. 19.9 (1990): 17-18.

Alkali, Zainab

Koroye, Seiyifa. "The Ascetic Feminist Vision of Zainab Alkali." Nigerian Female Writers: A Critical Perspective. Ed. Henrietta C. Otokunefor and Obiageli C. Nwodo. Lagos: Malthouse, 1989. 47-51.

Amadi, Elechi

Banyiwa-Horne, Naana. "African Womanhood: The Contrasting Perspectives of Flora Nwapa 's Efuru and Elechi Amadi 's The Concubine." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 119-29.

Armah, Ayi Kwei

Abety, Peter. "Women Activists in Ayi Kwei Armah 's Two Thousand Seasons and Ousmane Sembene 's God 's Bits of Wood: A Study of the Role of Women in the Liberation Struggle." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies. 4 (1992): 19-33.

Chetin, Sara. "Armah 's Women." Kunapipi. 6.3 (1984): 47-56.

Busia, Abena P.A.. "Parasites and Prophets: The Use of Women in Ayi Kwei Armah 's Novels." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 89-113.

Djangone-Bi, Djessan Phillippe. "L 'Image de la femme et la metaphore du desenchantment dan The Beautyful (sic) Ones Are Not Yet Born de Ayi Kwei Armah." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies. 6 (1995): 43-57.

Evans, Jenny. "Women of 'The Way ': Two Thousand Seasons, Female Images and Black Identity." ACLALS Bulletin. 6.1 (1982): 17-26.

Frederiksen, Bodil Folke. " 'The Loved Ones ': Racial and Sexual Relations in Ayi Kwei Armah 's Why Are We So Blest." Kunapipi. 9.2 (1987): 40-49.

Innes, C.L. "Conspicuous Consumption: Corruption and the Body Politic in the Writing of Ayi Kwei Armah and Ama Ata Aidoo." Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature. Ed. Abdulrazak Gurnah. Oxford: Heinemann, 1995. 1-18.

Ola, Virginia U. "The Feminine Principle and the Search for Wholeness in The Healers." Sage 5.1 (1988): 29-33.

Wright, Derek. "Requiems for Revolutions: Race-Sex Archetypes in Two African Novels." MFS: Modern Fiction Studies. 35.1 (1989): 55-68.

Ba, Mariama

d 'Almeida, Irene Assiba. "The Concept of Choice in Mariama Ba 's Fiction." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 161-171.

Cham, Mbye B. "Contemporary Society and the Female Imagination: A Study of the Novels of Mariama Ba." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 89-101.

---- "The Female Condition in Africa: A Literary Exploration by Mariama Ba." Current Bibliography on African Affairs. 17.1 (1984-85): 29-51.

Edson, Laurie. "Mariama Ba and the Politics of the Family." Studies in Twentieth Century Literature. 17.1 (1993): 13-25.

Esonwanne, Uzo. "Enlightenment Epistomology and 'Aesthetic Cognition: ' Mariama Ba 's So Long a Letter." The Politics of (M)othering: Identity and Resistance in African Literature. Ed. Obioma Nnaemeka. New York: Routledge, 1997. 82-100.

Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi. "Women 's Empowerment and National Integration: Ba 's So Long a Letter and Warner-Vierya 's Juletane." Current Trends in Literature and Language Studies in West Africa. Ed. Ernest N. Emenyonu and Charles E. Nnolim. Ibadan: Kraft Books Limited, 1994. 7-19.

Fandio, Pierre. "Mariama Ba et Angele Rawiri: Une Autre Verite de la femme." Dalhousie French Studies. 30 (Spring 1995): 171-78.

Flewellen, Elinor C.. "Assertiveness vs. Submissiveness in Selected Works by African Women Writers." Ba Shiru. 12.2 (1985): 3-18.

Grimes, Dorothy. "Mariama Ba 's So Long a Letter and Alice Walker 's In Search of Our Mothers ' Gardens: A Senegalese and and African American Perspective on 'Womanism '." Global Perspectives on Teaching Literature: Shared Visions and Distinctive Visions. Ed.: Sandra Ward Lott and Maureen Hawkins. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1993. 65-76.

Jaccard, Anny Claire. "Les Visages de l 'Islam chez Mariama Ba et Aminata Sow Fall." Nouvelles du Sud. 6 (1986-1987): 171-82.

Jackson, Kathy Dunn. "The Epistolary Text: A Voice of Affirmation and Liberation in So Long a Letter and The Color Purple." The Griot. 12.2 (1993): 13-20.

Jagne, Siga Fatima. "African Women and the Category 'Woman ': Through the Works of Mariama Ba and Bessie Head." Diss. State University of New York, Binghamton, 1994. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. DA9513805.

Ka, Aminata Maiga. "Ramatoulaye, Aissatou, Mireille, et ...Mariama Ba." Notre Librairie. 81 (1985): 129-34.

Kemp, Yakini. "Romantic Love and the Individual in Novels By Mariama Ba, Buchi Emecheta, and Bessie Head." Obsidian II: Black Literature in Review. 3.3 (1988): 1-16.

King, Adele. "The Personal and the Political in the Work of Mariama Ba." Studies in Twentieth Century Literature. 18.2 (1994): 177-88.

Makward, Edris. "Marriage, Tradition and Woman 's Pursuit of Happiness in the Novels of Mariama Ba." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 241-56.

McNee, Lisa. Selfish Gifts: Sengalese Women 's Autobiographical Discourses. Diss. Indiana University, Bloomington, 1996.

Mortimer, Mildred. Journeys Through the French African Novel. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.

Nnaemeka, Obioma. "Mariama Ba: Parallels, Convergence and Interior Space." Feminist Issues. 10.1 (1990): 13-35.

Ojo-Ade, Femi. "Still a Victim? Mariama Ba 's Une si longue lettre." African Literature Today. 12 (1982): 71-87.

Sarvan, Charles Ponnuthurai. "Feminism and African Fiction: The Novels of Mariama Ba." MFS: Modern Fiction Studies. 34.3 (1988): 453-64.

Stringer, Susan. "Cultural Conflict in the Novels of Two African Writers, Mariama Ba and Aminata Sow Fall." Sage. Supplement (1988): 36-41.

Treiber, Jeanette. The Construction of Identity and Representation of Gender in Four African Novels. Diss. University of California, Davis, 1992. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1992. DA9232867.

Wills, Dorothy Davis. "Economic Violence in Postcolonial Senegal: Noisy Silence in Novels by Mariama Ba and Aminata Sow Fall." Violence, Silence and Anger: Women 's Writing as Transgression. Ed. by Deirdre Lashgari. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995.

Interviews:

Ba, Mariama. "Mariama Ba, Winner of the First Noma Award for Publishing in Africa." Interview by Barbara Harrell-Bond. African Publishing Record. 6 (1980): 209-14.

Bebey, Francis

Hammond, Thomas N.. "Bebey 's Courageous Market Women." CLA Journal. 27.3 (1984): 332-42.

Beyala, Calixthe

Briere, Eloise A. "Problematique de la parole: Le cas des Camerounaises." L 'Esprit Createur. 33.2 (1993); 95-106.

Chemain-Degrange, Arlette. "L 'ecriture de Calixthe Beyala: Procreation ou revolte genereuse." Notre Librarie. 99 (1989): 162-63.

Nfah-Abbenyi, Juliana Makuchi. "Calixthe Beyala 's 'Femme-Fillette: ' Womanhood and the Politics of (M)Othering." The Politics of (M)othering: Identity and Resistance in African Literature. Ed. Obioma Nnaemeka. New York: Routledge, 1997. 101-13.

Niandou, Aissata Madize. Marginalized Feminist Discourses: The Black Woman 's Voice in Selected Works by Calixthe Beyala, Simone Schwarz-Bart, and Toni Morrison. Diss. Penn. State U, 1994. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1994. AAC 9428170.

King, Adele. "Calixthe Beyala et le roman feministe africain; Melanges offerts a Jacqueline Leiner." Carrefour de Cultures. Ed. Regis Antoine. Tubingen: Gunter Narr, 1993. 101-07.

Interviews:

Beyala, Calixthe. "Un nouveau roman de Calixthe Beyala." Interview by Assiatou Bah Diallo. Amina. 223 (1988): 85.

Breytenbach, Breyten

Jolly, Rosemary Jane. Colonization, Violation, and Narration in White South Africa Writing. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1995.

Brink, Andre

Jolly, Rosemary Jane. Colonization, Violation, and Narration in White South Africa Writing. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1995.

Buenga, Bolya

Spleth, Janice. "Sexualite et Discours politique dans le roman zairois: L 'example de Cannibale, par Bolya Buenga." Matatu. 13/14 (1995): 291-302.

Bugul, Ken

McNee, Lisa. Selfish Gifts: Sengalese Women 's Autobiographical Discourses. Diss. Indiana University, Bloomington, 1996.

Mudimbe-Boye, Elisabeth. "The Poetics of Exile and Errancy in Le Baobab fou by Ken Bugul and Ti Jean L 'Horizon by Simone Schwarz-Bart." Yale French Studies 83 (1993): 196-212.

Chraibi, Driss

Lang, George. "Jihad, Ijtihad, and Other Dialogical Wars in La Mere du Printemps, Le Harem politique, and Loin de Medine." The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 1-22.

Merini, Rafika. "Women in a Man 's Exploration of His Country, His World; Chraibi 's Succession Ouverte." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 45-61.

Interviews:

Chraibi, Driss. "Interview de Driss Chraibi." Interview by Lionel Dubois. Revue Celfan/ Celfan Review. 5.2 (1986): 20-26.

Coetzee, J.M.

Dodd, Josephine. "The South African Literary Establishment and the Textual Production of 'Woman ': J.M. Coetzee and Lewis Nkosi." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 2, 1990. Rpt. in South African Feminisms:Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 327-340.

Gaye, M. I. Ndiaye, and M. Kandji. "Ideology, Gender and the Discourse of Sexuality in J.M. Coetzee 's Foe." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies. 6 (1995): 129-43.

Jolly, Rosemary Jane. Colonization, Violation, and Narration in White South Africa Writing. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1995.

Roberts, Sheila. "Cinderella 's Mothers: J.M. Coetzee 's In the Heart of the Country." English in Africa. 19.1 (1992): 21-33.

Rody, Caroline. "The Mad Colonial Daughter 's Revolt: J.M. Coetzee 's In the Heart of the Country." South Atlantic Quarterly. 93.1 (1994): 157-80.

Samantrai, Ranu. "The Erotic of Imperialism: V.S. Naipaul, J. M. Coetzee, Lewis Nkosi." Diss. University of Michigan, 1991. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1991. DA9116292.

Treiber, Jeanette. The Construction of Identity and Representation of Gender in Four African Novels. Diss. University of California, Davis, 1992. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1992. DA9232867.

Dangarembga, Tsitsi

Bahri, Deepika. "Disembodying the Corpus: Postcolonial Pathology in Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions." Postmodern Culture: An Electronic Journal of Interdisciplinary Criticism. 5.1 (1994).

Bosman, Brenda. "A Correspondance Without Theory: Tsitsi Dangaremga 's Nervous Conditions." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 2 .1990. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 301-311.

Creamer, Heidi. "An Apple For the Teacher? Femininity, Coloniality, and Food in Nervous Conditions." Kunapipi. 16.1 (1994): 349-60.

Flockemann, Miki. " 'Not-Quite Insiders and Not-Quite Outsiders ': The 'Process of Womanhood ' in Becka Lamb, Nervous Conditions and Daughters of the Twilight." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 27.1 (1992): 37-47.

McWilliams, Sally. "Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions: At the Crossroads of Feminism and Post-Colonialism." World Literature Written in English. 31.1 (1991): 103-12.

Moyana, R. "Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions: An Attempt in the Feminist Tradition." Zambezia. 21.1 (1994): 23-42.

Peterson, Kirstin Holst. "Between Gender, Race and History: Kirstin Holst Peterson Interviews Tsitsi Dangarembga." Kunapipi. 16.1 (1994): 345-48.

Phillips, Maggi. "Engaging Dreams: Alternative Perspectives on Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta, Ama Ata Aidoo, Bessie Head, and Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Writing." Research in African Literatures. 25.4 (1994): 89-103.

Rooney, Caroline. "Re-Possessions: Inheritance and Independence in Chenjerai Hove 's Bones and Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions." Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature. Ed. Abdulrazak Gurnah. Oxford: Heinemann, 1995. 119-143.

Sugnet, Charles. "Nervous Conditions: Dangarembga 's Feminist Re-Invention of Fanon." The Politics of (M)othering: Identity and Resistance in African Literature. Ed. Obioma Nnaemeka. New York: Routledge, 1997. 33-49.

Thomas, Sue. "Killing the Hysteric in the Colonized 's House: Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 27.1 (1992): 26-36.

Uwakheh, Pauline Ada. "Debunking Patriarchy: The Liberational Quality of Voicing in Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions." Research in African Literatures. 26.1 (1995): 75-84.

Vizzard, Michelle. "Of Mimicry and Woman: Hysteria and Anticolonial Feminism in Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions." SPAN: Journal of the South Pacific Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies. 36 (1993): 202-10.

Interviews:

Dangarembga, Tsitsi. "Women Write About the Things That Move Them." Interview by Flora Veit-Wild. Matatu. 3.6 (1989): 101-108.

Diop, Birago Ismail

Julien, Eileen. "Avatars of the Feminine in Laye, Senghor and Diop." From Dante to Garcia Marquez: Studies in Romance Literatures and Linguistics. Gene H. Bell-Villada, Antonio Gimenez, and George Pistorius. Williamstown, MA: Williams College, 1987. 336-48.

Djebar, Assia

Donadey, Anne. "Assia Djebar 's Poetics of Subversion." L 'Esprit Createur. 33.2 (1993): 107-17.

Geesey, Patricia. "Women 's Words: Assia Djebar 's Loin de Medine." The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 40-50.

Jack, Belinda. "Strategies of Transgression in the Writings of Assia Djebar." Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature. Ed. Abdulrazak Gurnah. Oxford: Heinemann, 1995. 19-31.

Lang, George. "Jihad, Ijtihad, and Other Dialogical Wars in La Mere du Printemps, Le Harem politique, and Loin de Medine." The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 1-22.

Lee, Sonia. "Daughters of Hagar: Daughters of Muhammad." The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 51-61.

Mortimer, Mildred P. "The Evolution of Assia Djebar 's Feminist Conscience." Contemporary African Literature. Ed. Hal Wylie, Eileen Julien and Russell J. Linnemann. Washington, DC: Three Continents, 1983. 7-14.

---- Journeys Through the French African Novel. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.

Page, Andrea. "Rape or Obscene Copulation? Ambivalence and Complicity in Djebar 's L 'Amour, la fantasia." Women in French Studies. 2 (Fall 1994): 42-54.

Turk, Nadia. "Assia Djebar: Voix au feminin." Constructions. (1988-1989): 89-98.

Zimra, Clarisse. "Afterword." Women of Algiers in Their Apartment. By Assia Djebar. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992. 159-211.

---- "Writing Women: The Novels of Assia Djebar." Substance: A Review of Theory and Literary Criticism. 21.3 (1992): 68-84.

Edgell, Zee

Flockemann, Miki. " 'Not-Quite Insiders and Not-Quite Outsiders ': The 'Process of Womanhood ' in Becka Lamb, Nervous Conditions and Daughters of the Twilight." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 27.1 (1992): 37-47.

Emecheta, Buchi

Allan, Tuzyline. Feminist and Womanist Aesthetics: A Comparative Study. Diss. State U of New York, Stony Brook, 1991. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI 1991. 9106816.

Andrade, Susan Z. "Rewriting History, Motherhood, and Rebellion: Naming an African Woman 's Literary Tradition." Research in African Literatures 21.1 (1990): 91-110.

Bazin, Nancy Topping. "Feminist Perspectives in African Fiction: Bessie Head and Buchi Emecheta." Black Scholar. 17.2 (1986): 34-40.

---- "Venturing into Feminist Consciousness: Bessie Head and Buchi Emecheta." The Tragic Life: Bessie Head and Literature in Southern Africa. Ed. Cecil Abrahams. Trenton: Africa World Press, 1990. 45-58.

---- "Weight of Custom, Signs of Change: Feminism in the Literature of African Women." World Literature Written in English. 25.2 (1985): 183-97.

Birch, Eva Lennox. "Autobiography: The Art of Self-Definition." Black Women 's Writing. Ed. Gina Wisker. New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1993. 127-45.

Brodzki, Bella. " 'Changing Masters ': Gender, Genre and the Discourse of Slavery." Borderwork: Feminist Engagements with Comparative Literature. Ed. Margaret R. Higonnet. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. 42-60.

Daymond, M.J. "Buchi Emecheta, Laughter and Silence: Changes in the Concept of 'Woman ' and 'Mother '." Journal of Literary Studies. 4.1 (1988): 64-73.

Davies, Carole Boyce. "Motherhood in the Works of Male and Female Igbo Writers: Achebe, Emecheta, Nwapa, and Nzekwu." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 241-56.

Ezenwa-Ohaeto. "Replacing Myth with Myth: The Feminist Streak in Buchi Emecheta 's Double Yoke." Critical Theory and African Literature. Ed. by Ernest N. Emenyonu, R. Vanamali, E. Oko, and A. Iloeje. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1987. 214-24.

Flewellen, Elinor C.. "Assertiveness vs. Submissiveness in Selected Works by African Women Writers." Ba Shiru. 12.2 (1985): 3-18.

Katrak, Ketu, H. "Womanhood/Motherhood: Variations on a Theme in Selected Novels of Buchi Emecheta." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 22.1 (1987): 159-70.

Kandji, Diouf. "Des calvaires de la femme africaine dans la creation romanesque de Buchi Emecheta, Flora Nwapa, Ngugi Wa Thiongo et Ahmadou Kourouma." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies/Revue Africaine d 'Etudes. 4 (December 1992): 113-33.

Kanwar, Asha. "The Joys of Motherhood or the Sorrows of Otherhood." Africa Quarterly. 34.3 (1994): 54-63.

Kemp, Yakini. "Romantic Love and the Individual in Novels By Mariama Ba, Buchi Emecheta, and Bessie Head." Obsidian II: Black Literature in Review. 3.3 (1988): 1-16.

Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo. "Buchi Emecheta: The Shaping of a Self." Komparatische Hefte. 8 (1983): 65-77.

Ojo-Ade, Femi. "Women and the Nigerian Civil War: Buchi Emecheta and Flora Nwapa." Etudes Germano Africaines. 6 (1988): 75-86.

Oku, Julia Inyang Essien. "Courtesans and Earthmothers: A Feminist Reading of Cyprian Ekwensi 's Jagua Nana 's Daughter and Buchi Emecheta 's The Joys of Motherhood." Critical Theory and African Literature. Ed. by Ernest N. Emenyonu, R. Vanamali, E. Oko, and A. Iloeje. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1987. 225-33.

Onwuhara, Kate C. "The Tension of Two Cultures: Ambivalence in Buchi Emecheta 's Feminism." Critical Theory and African Literature. Ed. by Ernest N. Emenyonu, R. Vanamali, E. Oko, and A. Iloeje. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1987. 207-13.

Osa, Osayimwense. "Buchi Emecheta 's Feminism." Literary Half-Yearly. 31.1 (1990): 49-54.

Phillips, Maggi. "Engaging Dreams: Alternative Perspectives on Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta, Ama Ata Aidoo, Bessie Head, and Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Writing." Research in African Literatures. 25.4 (1994): 89-103.

Porter, Abioseh Michael. "Second Class Citizen: The Point of Departure for Understanding Buchi Emecheta 's Major Fiction." International Fiction Review. 15.2 (1988): 123-29.

Sample, Maxine J. Cornish. The Representation of Space in Selected Works by Bessie Head, Buchi Emecheta, and Flora Nwapa. Diss. Emory University, 1990. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1990. AAC 9027938.

Sinha, Chandrani. "Women in Protest Literature: A Study of Four Novels of Buchi Emecheta." Africa Quarterly. 34.3 (1994): 221-34.

Sougou, Omar. "The Experience of an African Woman in Britain: A Reading of Buchi Emecheta 's Second Class Citizen." Crisis and Creativity in the New Literatures in English: Cross/Cultures. Ed. Geoffrey V. Davis and Jelinek Hena Maes. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1990. 511-22.

St. Peter, Christine. "Changing Worlds: The Nigerian Novels of Buchi Emecheta." Atlantis. 11 (Fall 1985): 139-46.

Umeh, Marie Linton. "Reintegration with the Lost Self: A Study of Buchi Emecheta 's Double Yoke. Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 173-180.

Ekwensi, Cyprian Odiatu Duaka

Anyaegbunam, Ngozi. "Feminist Tendency in Ekwensi 's Jagua Nana 's Daughter. The Essential Ekwensi: A Literary Celebration of Cyprian Ekwensi 's Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1987.

Oku, Julia Inyang Essien. "Courtesans and Earthmothers: A Feminist Reading of Cyprian Ekwensi 's Jagua Nana 's Daughter and Buchi Emecheta 's The Joys of Motherhood." Critical Theory and African Literature. Ed. by Ernest N. Emenyonu, R. Vanamali, E. Oko, and A. Iloeje. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1987. 225-33.

Farah, Nuruddin

Adan, Amina H. "Women and Words." Ufahamu: Journal of the African Activist Association. 10.3 (1981): 115-42.

Cobham, Rhonda. "Boundaries of the Nation: Boundaries of the Self: African Nationalist Fictions and Nuruddin Farah 's Maps." Research in African Literatures. 22.2 (1991): 83-98.

Kelly, Hilarie. "A Somali Tragedy of Political and Sexual Confusion: A Critical Analysis of Nuruddin Farah 's Maps." Ufahamu: Journal of African Activist Association. 16.2 (1988): 21-37.

Moore, G.H.. "Nomads and Feminists: The Novels of Nuruddin Farah." International Fiction Review. 11.1 (1984): 3-12.

Okonkwo, J.I. "Nuruddin Farah and the Changing Roles of Women." World Literature Today. 58.2 (1984): 215-221.

Wright, Derek. "Fabling the Feminine in Nuruddin Farah 's Novels." Essays on African Writing 1: A Re-evaluation. Oxford: Heinemann, 1993. 70-87.

---- "Requiems for Revolutions: Race-Sex Archetypes in Two African Novels." MFS: Modern Fiction Studies. 35.1 (1989): 55-68.

Fugard, Athol

Blumberg, Marcia. "Women Journeying at the South African Margins: Athol Fugard 's The Road to Mecca." Matatu. 11 (1994): 39-50.

Bowker, Veronica. "The Evolution of Critical Responses to Fugard 's Work, Culminating in a Feminist Reading of The Road to Mecca." Literator: Tydskrif vir Besondere en Vergelykende Taal en Literatuurstudie Journal of Literary Criticism. 11.2 (1990): 1-16.

Gibbon, Perceval

de Reuck, Jenny. "Race and Gender: A Study of the Artistic Corruption of Peceval Gibbon 's Souls in Bondage." Journal of Literary Studies Tydskrif Vir Literaturwetenskap. 4.1 (1988): 38-48.

Gordimer, Nadine

Gordon, Jennifer. "Dreams of a Common Language: Nadine Gordimer 's July 's People." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 102-108.

Henley, Ann. " 'Space for Herself ': Nadine Gordimer 's A Sport of Nature and Josephine Humphrey 's Rich in Love." Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 13.1 (1992): 81-9.

Lazar, Karen. "Feminism as 'Piffling '? Ambiguities in Nadine Gordimer 's Short Stories." The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer. Ed. Bruce King. New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1993. 213-27.

---- "Jump and Other Short Stories: Gordimer 's Leap into the 1990s: Gender and Politics in Her Latest Short Fiction." Journal of Southern African Studies. 18.4 (1992): 783-802. Rpt. in South African Feminisms:Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 281-300.

---- " 'Something Out There '/ Something in There: Gender and Politics in Gordimer 's Novella." English in Africa. 19.1 (1992): 53-65.

Read, Daphne Frances. Rereading Burger 's Daughter: A Feminist Deconstruction. Diss. York University, 1987. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1988.

Treiber, Jeanette. The Construction of Identity and Representation of Gender in Four African Novels. Diss. University of California, Davis, 1992. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1992. DA9232867.

Wagner, Kathrin M.. Rereading Nadine Gordimer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

Yelin, Louise. "Exiled In and Exiled From: The Politics and Poetics of Burger 's Daughter." Women 's Writing in Exile. Ed. Mary Lynn Broe and Angela Ingram. Chapel Hill, NC: University of Norht Carolina Press, 1989. 396-411.

---- "Problems of Gordimer 's Poetics: Dialogue in Burger 's Daughter." Feminism, Bakhtin and the Dialogic. Ed. Dale M. Bauer and Susan Jaret McKinstry. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991. 219-38.

Hatatah, Sharif

Desai, Gaurav and David Chioni Moore. "Feminism and an Arab Humanism: An Interview with Nawal El Saadawi and Sherif Hetata March 2, 1993." SAPINA Bulletin. 5.1 (1993): 28-51.

Head, Bessie

Balseiro, Isabel. Nation, Race, and Gender in the Writings of Bessie Head and Rosario Ferre. Diss. New York University, 1992. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI. DA9237923.

Bazin, Nancy Topping. "Feminist Perspectives in African Fiction: Bessie Head and Buchi Emecheta." Black Scholar. 17.2 (1986): 34-40.

---- "Venturing into Feminist Consciousness: Bessie Head and Buchi Emecheta." The Tragic Life: Bessie Head and Literature in Southern Africa. Ed. Cecil Abrahams. Trenton: Africa World Press, 1990. 45-58.

Beard, Linda Susan. "Bessie Head 's Syncretic Fictions: The Reconceptualization of Power and the Recovery of the Ordinary." MFS: Modern Fiction Studies. 37.3 (1991): 575-89.

Chetin, Sarah. "Myth, Exile, and the Female Condition: Bessie Head 's The Collector of Treasures." Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 24.1 (1989): 114-137.

Daymond, M.J.. "Inventing Gendered Traditions: The Short Stories of Bessie Head and Miriam Tlali." South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 223-240.

Dlamini, L.Z. . "Liberating the Male and Female Consciousness: The Novels of Bessie Head." UNISWA Research Journal. 7 (Dec. 1993): 55-60.

Dovey, Teresa. "A Question of Power: Susan Gardner 's Biography versus Bessie Head 's Autobiography." English in Africa. 16.1 (1989): 29-38.

Driver, Dorothy. "Reconstructing the Past, Shaping the Future: Bessie Head and the Question of Feminism in a New South Africa." Black Women 's Writing. Ed. Gina Wisker. New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1993. 160-87.

Flewellen, Elinor C.. "Assertiveness vs. Submissiveness in Selected Works by African Women Writers." Ba Shiru. 12.2 (1985): 3-18.

Gardner, Susan. " 'Don 't Ask for the True Story ': A Memoir of Bessie Head." Hecate. 12.1-2 (1986): 110-29.

Jagne, Siga Fatima. African Women and the Category 'Woman ': Through the Works of Mariama Ba and Bessie Head. Diss. State University of New York, Binghamton, 1994. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. DA9513805.

Ibrahim, Huma. Bessie Head: A Third World Woman Writer in Exile. Diss. Indiana University, 1988. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1989. AAC 8824163.

Lorenz, Paul H.. "Colonization and the Feminine in Bessie Head 's A Question of Power." MFS: Modern Fiction Studies. 37.3 (1991): 591-605.

Katrak, Ketu H. "Alien-Homes: Postcolonial Women 's Spaces and the Politics of Location." Resources for Feminist Research/ Documentation sur la recherche feministe. 22.3-4 (1993): 51-6.

Kemp, Yakini. "Romantic Love and the Individual in Novels By Mariama Ba, Buchi Emecheta, and Bessie Head." Obsidian II: Black Literature in Review. 3.3 (1988): 1-16.

Ola, Virginia U. "Women 's Role in Bessie Head 's Ideal World." Ariel. 17.4 (1986): 39-47.

Phillips, Maggi. "Engaging Dreams: Alternative Perspectives on Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta, Ama Ata Aidoo, Bessie Head, and Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Writing." Research in African Literatures. 25.4 (1994): 89-103.

Sample, Maxine J. Cornish. The Representation of Space in Selected Works by Bessie Head, Buchi Emecheta, and Flora Nwapa. Diss. Emory University, 1990. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1990. AAC 9027938.

Sarvan, Charles Ponnwthuai. "Bessie Head: A Question of Power and Identity." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 82-88.

Tucker, Margaret E. "A 'Nice-time Girl ' Strikes Back: An Essay of Bessie Head 's A Question of Power." Research in African Literatures. 19.2 (1988): 170-81.

Interviews:

Head, Bessie.Between the Lines: Interviews with Bessie Head, Sheila Roberts, Ellen Kuzwayo, Miriam Tlali. Ed. by Craig MacKenzie and Cherry Clayton. Grahamstown: National English Literary Museum, 1989.

---- "Bessie Head in Gaborone, Botswana: an interview." Interview by Linda Susan Beard. Sage. 3 (Fall 1986): 44-7.

Hove, Chenjerai

Rooney, Caroline. "Re-Possessions: Inheritance and Independence in Chenjerai Hove 's Bones and Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Nervous Conditions." Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature. Ed. Abdulrazak Gurnah. Oxford: Heinemann, 1995. 119-143.

Zhuwarara, R.. "Men and Women in a Colonial Context: A Discourse on Gender and Liberation in Chenjerai Hove 's 1989 Noma Award-Winning Novel, Bones." Zambezia. 21.1 (1994): 1-21.

Veit-Wild, Flora. " 'Dances with Bones ': Hove 's Romanticized Africa." Research in African Literatures. 24.3 (1993): 5-12.

Iyayi, Fetus.

Alabi, Adetayo. "Feminism and Literary Criticism: A Comparative Reading of Iyayi 's Novels." Liwuram. 4-5 (1988-89): 274-91.

Jelloun, Tahar Ben

Cazenave, Odile. "Gender, Age, and Narrative Transformations in L 'Enfant de sable by Tahar Ben Jelloun." The French Review. 64.3 (1991): 437-50.

Karodia, Farida

Flockemann, Miki. " 'Not-Quite Insiders and Not-Quite Outsiders ': The 'Process of Womanhood ' in Becka Lamb, Nervous Conditions and Daughters of the Twilight." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 27.1 (1992): 37-47.

Kourouma, Ahmadou

Kandji, Diouf. "Des calvaires de la femme africaine dans la creation romanesque de Buchi Emecheta, Flora Nwapa, Ngugi Wa Thiongo et Ahmadou Kourouma." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies/Revue Africaine d 'Etudes. 4 (December 1992): 113-33.

Krog, Antjie

van der Merwe, P.P. "A Poet 's Commitment: Antjie Krog 's Lady Anne." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 2, 1990. Rpt. in South African Feminisms:Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 259-279.

van Rooyen, Gertina Cornelia. From Compulsion to Reconciliation: A Feministic Reading of the Poetry of Antjie Krog. Diss. University of Pretoria, 1992. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1992.

Kuzwayo, Ellen

Coullie, Judith Lutge. "The Space Between Frames: A New Discursive Practice in Ellen Kuzwayo 's Call Me Woman." South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 131-153.

Dietche, Julie Phelps. "Voyaging Towards Freedom: New Voices from South Africa." Research in African Literatures. 26.1 (1995): 61-74.

Elder, Arlene A. " '... Who Can Take the Multitude and Lock It in a Cage? ': Noemia de Sousa, Micere Mugo, Ellen Kuzwayo: Three African Women 's Voices of Resistance." Matatu: Journal for African Culture and Society. 3.6 (1989): 77-100.

Interviews:

Kuzwayo, Ellen. Between the Lines: Interviews with Bessie Head, Sheila Roberts, Ellen Kuzwayo, Miriam Tlali. Ed. by Craig MacKenzie and Cherry Clayton. Grahamstown: National English Literary Museum, 1989.

Lachmet, Djanet

Still, Judith. "Body and Culture: The Representation of Sexual, Racial and Class Differences in Lachmet 's Le Cowboy." Contemporary French Fiction by Women: Feminist Perspectives. Ed. Margaret Atack and Phil Powrie. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990. 71-83.

---- "Djanet Lachmet 's Le Cowboy: Constructing Self-- Arab and Female." Paragraph: A Journal of Modern Critical Theory. 8 (1986): 55-61.

Ladipo, Duro

Layiwola, Dele. "Womanism in Nigerian Folklore and Drama." African Notes: Journal of the Institute of African Studies. 11.1 (1987): 27-33.

Laye, Camara

Betrand, Brenda. "Gender and Spirituality: Initiation into the Kore in Camera Laye 's Le Regard du roi." The French Review. 67.4 (1994): 648-61.

Jaccard, Anny-Claire. "Meres aimantes, meres devorantes chez Camara Laye et chez Albert Memmi." Notre Librairie 95 (1988): 64-68.

Julien, Eileen. "Avatars of the Feminine in Laye, Senghor and Diop." From Dante to Garcia Marquez: Studies in Romance Literatures and Linguistics. Gene H. Bell-Villada, Antonio Gimenez, and George Pistorius. Williamstown, MA: Williams College, 1987. 336-48.

Lewis, Ethelreda

Woodward, Wendy. "Metonymies of Colonialism in Four Handsome Negresses by Ethelreda Lewis." Current Writing 2.1 (1990): 147-61. Rpt. in South African Feminisms:Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 207-222.

Liking, Werewere

Adams, Anne. "To Write in a New Language: Werewere Liking 's Adaptation of Ritual to the Novel." Callaloo. 16.1 (1993): 153-68.

d 'Almeida, Irene Assiba. "Echoes of Orpheus in Werewere Liking 's Orphee-Dafric and Wole Soyinka 's Season of Anomy." Comparative Literature Studies. 31.1 (1994): 52-71.

---- "The Intertext: Werewere Liking 's Tool for Transformation and Renewal." Postcolonial Subjects: Francophone Women Writers. Ed. Mary Jean Green, Karen Gould, Maximin Rice, Keith Walker, and Jack Yeager. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. 265-84.

Briere, Eloise A.. "Problematique de la parole: Le cas des Camerounaises." L 'Esprit Createur. 33.2 (1993); 95-106.

Interviews:

Liking, Werewere. "A la recontre de ... Werewere Liking." Interview by Bernard Magnier. Notre Librairie. 79 (1985): 17-21.

---- "La femme par qui le scandale arrive." Interview by Sennen Andriamirado. Jeune Afrique. 1172 (22 June 1983): 68-70.

---- "Le 'vivre vrai ' de Werewere Liking." Interview by Christine Pillot. Notre Librairie. (July/August 1990): 54-58.

---- "Werewere Liking: Creatice, prolifique et novatrice." Interview by David Nadchi Tagne. Notre Librairie. 99 (1989): 194-96.

Lopes, Henri

Graves, Anne Adams. "The Work of Henri Lopes: A Forum for African Women 's Consciousness." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 131-38.

Marachera, Dambudzo

Ibrahim, Huma. "The Violated Universe: Neo-Colonial Sexual and Political Consciousness in Dambudzo Marachera." Reserch in African Literatures. 21.2 (1990): 70-90.

Mashinini, Emma

Dietche, Julie Phelps. "Voyaging Towards Freedom: New Voices from South Africa." Research in African Literatures. 26.1 (1995): 61-74.

Mahfouz, Najib

Takieddine-Amyuni, M. "Images of Arab Women in "Midaq Alley" by Naguib Mahfouz, and Seasons of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17.1 (1985): 25-36.

Cooke, Miriam. "Naguib Mahfouz, Men, and the Egyptian Underworld." Fictions of Masculinity: Crossing Cultures, Crossing Sexualities. Ed. Peter F. Murphy. New York: New York University Press, 1994. 96-120.

El-Sheikh, Ibrahim. "Egyptian Women as Portrayed in the Social Novels of Najib Mahfuz." Critical Perspective on Naguib Mahfouz. Ed. Trevor Le Gassick. Washington, DC: Three Continents, 1991. 85-99.

Mernissi, Fatima

Brahimi, Denise. "Awa Thiam et Fatima Mernissi: Negro-Africaines et Arabo-Musulmanes." Notre Librairie. 95 (1988): 69-73.

Lang, George. "Jihad, Ijtihad, and Other Dialogical Wars in La Mere du Printemps, Le Harem politique, and Loin de Medine." The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 1-22.

Woodhull, Winnifred. "Feminism and Islamic Tradition." Studies in Twentieth Century Literature. 17.1 (1993): 27-44.

Miller, Ruth

Metelerkamp, Joan. "Ruth Miller: Father 's Law or Mother Lore." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2 (1990). Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 241-258.

Millin, Sarah Gertrude

Clayton, Cherry. "Women Writers and the Law of the Father: Race and Gender in the Fiction of Olive Screiner, Pauline Smith and Sarah Gertrude Millin." English Academy Review. 7 (1990): 99-117.

de Reuck, J. A.."Humour and Betrayal: Reading the 'Alita ' Short Stories of Sarah Gertrude Millin." English Studies in Africa: A Journal of the Humanities. 30.2 (1987): 83-90.

Mokhoere, Caesarino Kona

Dietche, Julie Phelps. "Voyaging Towards Freedom: New Voices from South Africa." Research in African Literatures. 26.1 (1995): 61-74.

Mugo, Micere

Elder, Arlene A. " '... Who Can Take the Multitude and Lock It in a Cage? ': Noemia de Sousa, Micere Mugo, Ellen Kuzwayo: Three African Women 's Voices of Resistance." Matatu: Journal for African Culture and Society. 3.6 (1989): 77-100.

Interviews:

Mugo, Micere. "Interview with Micere Githae-Mugo." Interview by Brenda Berrian. World Literature Written in English. 21.3 (1982): 521-31.

----"Women in Africa." Interview by Adewale Maja Pearce. Index on Censorship. 19.1 (1990): 19-20.

Muhando-Mlama, Penina

Balisidya, Ndyanao May L. "The Construction of Sex and Gender Roles in Penina Muhando 's Works." Sage. 5.1 (1988): 15-20.

Ngcobo, Lauretta

Farred, Grant. " 'Not Like Women at All ': Black Female Subjectivity in Lauretta Ngcobo 's And They Didn 't Die." Genders. 16 (Spring 1993): 94-112.

Hunter, Eva. " 'We Have to Defend Ourselves ': Women, Tradition, and Change in Lauretta Ngcobo 's And They Didn 't Die." Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature. 13.1 (1994): 113-26.

Interviews:

Ngcobo, Lauretta. "Some Thoughts on South Africa, 1992: Interview with Lauretta Ngcobo." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 4.1 (1992): 85-97.

Ngema, Mbongeni

Steinberg, Carol. "Now is the Time for Feminist Criticism: A Review of 'Asinamali '." South African Theatre Journal. 5.2 (1991): 22-39. Rpt. in South African Feminisms:Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 313-326.

Ngugi wa Thiong 'o

Boehmer, Elleke. "The Master 's Dance to the Master 's Voice: Revolutionary Nationalism and the Representation of Women in the Writing of Ngugi wa Thiong 'o." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 26.1 (1991): 188-97.

Evans, Jennifer. "Mother Africa and the Heroic Whore: Female Images in Petals of Blood." Contemporary African Fiction. Ed. Hal Wylie, Eileen Julien and Russell J. Linnemann. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1983. 57-66.

Hazeley, Izamide. "Ngugi 's Images of Women." West Africa. 3457 (Nov. 14, 1983): 2630, 2632.

Kandji, Diouf. "Des calvaires de la femme africaine dans la creation romanesque de Buchi Emecheta, Flora Nwapa, Ngugi Wa Thiongo et Ahmadou Kourouma." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies/Revue Africaine d 'Etudes. 4 (December 1992): 113-33.

Levin, Tobe. "Women as Scapegoats of Culture and Cult: An Activist 's View of Female Circumcision in Ngugi 's The River Between." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 205-221.

Nama, Charles A. . "Daughters of Moombi; Ngugi 's Heroines and Traditional Gikuyu Aesthetics." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 139-49.

Nwanko, Chimalum. "Ngugi 's Devil on the Cross: A Feminization of Chaos." Commonwealth Essays and Studies. 10.1 (1987): 119-22.

---- "Women in Ngugi 's Plays:From Passivity to Social Responsibility." Ufahamu: Journal of the African Activist Association. 14.3 (1985): 85-92.

Perera, S.W. "From Mumbi to Wanja: The Emergence of the Woman in Ngugi 's Fiction." Commonwealth Essays and Studies. 14.2 (1992): 69-78.

Verma, Charu. "Women in Ngugi wa Thiongo 's Novels." Africa Quarterly. 34.3 (1994): 194-204.

Nkosi, Lewis

Dodd, Josephine. "The South African Literary Establishment and the Textual Production of 'Woman ': J.M. Coetzee and Lewis Nkosi." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 2, 1990. Rpt. in South African Feminisms:Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 327-340.

Samantrai, Ranu. "The Erotic of Imperialism: V.S. Naipaul, J. M. Coetzee, Lewis Nkosi." Diss. University of Michigan, 1991. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1991. DA9116292.

Nwapa, Flora

Andrade, Susan Z. "Rewriting History, Motherhood, and Rebellion: Naming an African Woman 's Literary Tradition." Research in African Literatures 21.1 (1990): 91-110.

Berrian, Brenda F. "African Women as Seen in the Works of Flora Nwapa and Ama Ata Aidoo." College Language Association Journal. 25.3 (1982): 331-9.

Davies, Carole Boyce. "Motherhood in the Works of Male and Female Igbo Writers: Achebe, Emecheta, Nwapa, and Nzekwu." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 241-56.

Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi. "Traditional Women 's Institutions in Igbo Society: Implications for the Igbo Female Writer." African Languages and Cultures. 3.2 (1990): 149-65.

Ikonne, Chidi. "The Society and Woman 's Quest for Selfhood in Flora Nwapa 's Early Novels." Kunapipi. 6.1 (1984): 68-78.

Kandji, Diouf. "Des calvaires de la femme africaine dans la creation romanesque de Buchi Emecheta, Flora Nwapa, Ngugi Wa Thiongo et Ahmadou Kourouma." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies/Revue Africaine d 'Etudes. 4 (December 1992): 113-33.

Njoku, Teresa U. "Womanism in Flora Nwapa 's One Is Enough and Women Are Different." Commonwealth Quarterly.14.39 (1989): 1-16.

Ohaeto, Ezenwa. "The Other Voices: The Poetry of Three Nigerian Female Writers." Canadian Journal of African Studies. 22.3 (1988): 662-8.

Ojo-Ade, Femi. "Women and the Nigerian Civil War: Buchi Emecheta and Flora Nwapa." Etudes Germano Africaines. 6 (1988): 75-86.

Phillips, Maggi. "Engaging Dreams: Alternative Perspectives on Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta, Ama Ata Aidoo, Bessie Head, and Tsitsi Dangarembga 's Writing." Research in African Literatures. 25.4 (1994): 89-103.

Wilentz, Gay. "The Individual Voice in the Communal Chorus: The Possibility of Choice in Flora Nwapa 's Efuru." ACLALS Bulletin. 7.4 (1986): 30-36.

Nzekwu, Onuora

Davies, Carole Boyce. "Motherhood in the Works of Male and Female Igbo Writers: Achebe, Emecheta, Nwapa, and Nzekwu." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 241-56.

Sample, Maxine J. Cornish. The Representation of Space in Selected Works by Bessie Head, Buchi Emecheta, and Flora Nwapa. Diss. Emory University, 1990. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1990. AAC 9027938.

Ogot, Grace

Chesania, C.. "Grace Ogot: A Creative Writer 's Contribution to Cultural Development and Women 's Emancipation." Writers ' Forum. 1 (March 1992): 73-80.

Ogundipe-Leslie,

Ohaeto, Ezenwa. "The Other Voices: The Poetry of Three Nigerian Female Writers." Canadian Journal of African Studies. 22.3 (1988): 662-8.

Okigbo, Christopher

Fido, Elaine Savory. "Okigbo 's Labyrinths and the Context of Igbo Attitudes to the Female Principle." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 223-39.

Omotoso, Kole

Msiska, Mpalive Hangson. "Cultural Dislocation and Gender Ideology in Kole Omotoso 's The Edifice." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 25.1 (1990): 98-108.

Osofian, Femi

Onwueme, Tess Akaeke. "Osofisan 's New Hero: Women as Agents of Social Reconstruction." Sage. 5.1 (1988): 25-28.

Ouologuem, Yambo

Julien, Eileen. Title. Rape and Representation. Ed. Lynn A. Higgins and Brenda R. Silver. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.

Onwueme, Tess

Amuta, Chidi. "The Nigerian Woman as Dramatist: The Instance of Tess Onwueme." Nigerian Female Writers: A Critical Perspective. Ed. by Henrietta C. Otokunefor and Obiageli C. Nwodo. Lagos: Malthouse, 1989. 53-59.

Ebeogu, Afam. "Feminism and the Mediation of the Mythic in Three Plays by Tess A. Onwueme." Literary Griot. 3.1 (1991): 97-111.

Reddy, Jayapraga

Van Niekerk, Annemarie. "Aspects of Race, Class and Gender in Jayapraga Reddy 's On the Fringe of Dreamtime and Other Stories." Unisa English Studies: Journal of the Department of English. 30.2 (1992): 35-40.

Rif 'at, Alifah

Nwachukwu-Agbada, J.O.J. "The Lifted Veil: Protest in Alifa Rifaat 's Short Stories." International Fiction Review. 17.2 (1990): 108-110.

Salti, Ramzi M. "Feminism and Religion in Alifa Rifaat 's Short Stories." International Fiction Review. 18.2 (1991): 108-12.

Roberts, Sheila

Lenta, Margaret. "Two Women and their Territories: Shelia Roberts and Miriam Tlali." Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature. 11.1 (1992): 103-11.

Interviews:

Roberts, Sheila. Between the Lines: Interviews with Bessie Head, Sheila Roberts, Ellen Kuzwayo, Miriam Tlali. Ed. by Craig MacKenzie and Cherry Clayton. Grahamstown: National English Literary Museum, 1989.

al Sa 'dawi, Nawal

Desai, Gaurav and David Chioni Moore. "Feminism and an Arab Humanism: An Interview with Nawal El Saadawi and Sherif Hetata, March 2, 1993." SAPINA Bulletin. 5.1 (1993): 28-51.

Malti-Douglas, Fedwa. Men, Women and God(s): Nawal El Saadawi and Arab Feminist Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

Mitra, Madhuchhanda. "Angry Eyes and Closed Lips: Forces of Revolution in Nawal el Saadawi 's God Dies by the Nile." Violence, Silence, and Anger: Women 's Writing as Transgression. Ed. Diedre Lasgari. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1995. 147-57.

Park, Heong Dug. Nawal al Sa 'adawi and Modern Egyptian Feminist Writings. Diss. University of Michigan, 1988. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1989. AAC 8821634.

Tarabishi, Jurj. Woman Against Her Sex: A Critique of Nawal el-Saadawi with a reply by Nawal el-Sadaawi. London; Brooklyn, NY: Saqi Books, 1988.

Interviews:

El-Sa 'dawi, Nawal. "Living the Struggle: Nawal el Saadawi Talks about Writing and Resistance." Interview by Sherif Hetata and Peter Hitchcock. Transition: An International Review. 61 (1993): 170-79.

---- "Writing Is Power." Interview by Rosmary Clunie. West Africa 3598 (Aug. 18, 1986): 1735-36.

Sadji, Abdoulaye

Wallace, Karen Smyley. "A Search for Identity: The Alienated Female Persona in Some Francophone African Novels." Rendezvous: Journal of Arts and Letters. 22.2 (1986): 32-38.

---- "Women and Alienation: Analysis of the Works of Two Francophone Writers." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 63-73.

Salih, al Tayyib

Davidson, John E. "In Search of a Middle Point: The Origins of Oppression in Tayeb Salih 's Season of Migration to the North." Research In African Literatures. 20.3 (1989): 385-400.

Ghattas-Soliman, Sonia. "The Two-Sided Image of Women in Season of Migration to the North." Faces of Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1991. 91-103.

Scott, Pauline Marie. Writing, Rewriting, and Unwriting the Renaissance: Constructing 'Other 'ness in Ariosto 's 'Orlando Furioso, ' Shakespeare 's 'Othello, ' Woolf 's 'Orlando, ' and Salih 's 'Season of the Migration to the North. ' Diss. University of California, Berkeley, 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1995. AAC 9430151

Takieddine-Amyuni, M. "Images of Arab Women in "Midaq Alley" by Naguib Mahfouz, and Seasons of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17.1 (1985): 25-36.

Samir, Lili

Badron, Margot. "Expressing Feminism and Nationalism in Autobiography: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Educator." De/Colonizing the Subject: The Politics of Gender in Women 's Autobiography. Ed. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. 270-93.

Schreiner, Olive Emilie Albertina

Albinski, Nan Bowman. " 'The Law of Justice, of Nature, and of Right ': Victorian Feminist Utopias." Feminism, Utopia, and Narrative. Ed. Sarah Webster Goodwin and Libby Falk Jones. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1990. 50-68.

Barash, Carol L. "Virile Womanhood: Olive Schreiner 's Narratives of a Master Race." Speaking of Gender. Ed. Elaine Showalter. New York: Routledge, 1989. 269-81.

Bishop, Alan. " 'With Suffering and Through Time ': Olive Schreiner, Vera Brittain, and the Great War." Olive Schreiner and After: Essays on Southern African Literature in Honour of Guy Butler. Ed. Malvern van Wyk Smith and Don Maclennan. Cape Town: David Philip, 1983. 80-92.

Clayton, Cherry. "Olive Schreiner: Paradoxical Pioneer." Women and Writing in South Africa: A Critical Anthology. Ed. Cherry Clayton. Marshalltown: Heinemann Southern Africa, 1989. 41-59.

---- "Women Writers and the Law of the Father: Race and Gender in the Fiction of Olive Screiner, Pauline Smith and Sarah Gertrude Millin." English Academy Review. 7 (1990): 99-117.

Donaldson, Laura E. "(ex)Changing (wo)Man: Toward a Materialist-Feminist Semiotics." Cultual Critique. 11 Winter (1988-1989): 5-23.

Gardner, Susan. "Olive Schreiner 'Called Back '." Hecate: A Women 's Interdisciplinary Journal of Women 's Liberation. 17.2 (1991): 127-35.

Heilmann, Ann. " 'Over that Bridge Built with our Bodies the Entire Human Race Will Pass '; A Rereading of Olive Schreiner 's From Man to Man." European Journal of Women 's Studies. 2.1 (1995): 33-50.

Lerner, Laurence. "Olive Schreiner and the Feminists." Olive Schreiner and After: Essays on Southern African Literature in Honour of Guy Butler. Ed. Malvern van Wyk Smith and Don Maclennan. Cape Town: David Philip, 1983. 67-79.

McMurry, Andrew. "Figures in a Ground: An Ecofeminist Study of Olive Schreiner 's The Story of an African Farm." English Studies in Canada. 20.4 (1994): 431-48.

Monsman, Gerald. "Patterns of Narration and Characterization in Schreiner 's The Story of an African Farm." English Literature in Transition. 28.3 (1985): 253-70.

Raiskin, Judith. Unruly Subjects: Nationhood, Home and Colonial Consciousness in Olive Schreiner and Jean Rhys. Diss. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1990. 3938A.

Winkler, Barbara Scott. "Victorian Daughters: The Lives and Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Olive Schreiner." Critical Essays on Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Ed. Joanne B. Karpinski. New York: G.K. Hall, 1992. 173-83.

Sebbar, Leila

DuPlessis, Nancy. "Leila Sebbar: Voice of Exile." World Literature Today. 63.3 (1989): 415.

Marx-Scouras, Danielle. "The Mother Tongue of Leila Sebbar." Studies in Twentieth Century Literature. 17.1 (1993): 45-61.

Mortimer, Mildred. "On the Road: Leila Sebbar 's Fugitive Heroines." Research in African Literatures. 23.2 (1992): 195-201.

Orlando, Valerie. "A la recherche du 'devenir femme ' dans le Troisieme Espace de Culture: Sherazade: 17 ans, brune, frisee, les yeux verts de Leila Sebbar." Women in French Literature. 2 (1994): 19-31.

Sembene Ousmane

Abety, Peter. "Women Activists in Ayi Kwei Armah 's Two Thousand Seasons and Ousmane Sembene 's God 's Bits of Wood: A Study of the Role of Women in the Liberation Struggle." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies. 4 (1992): 19-33.

Agbasiere, Julie. "Sembene Ousmane and the Feminist Question: A Study of Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu." Current Trends in Literature and Language Studies in West Africa. Ed. Ernest N. Emenyonu and Charles E. Nnolim. Ibadan: Kraft Books Limited, 1994. 53-62.

Berrian, Brenda. "Through Her Prism of Social and Political Contexts: Sembene 's Female Characters in Tribal Scars." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1986. 195-204.

Case, F. "Worker 's Movements: Revolution and Women 's Consciousness in God 's Bits of Wood." Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revu Canadienne des Etudes Africaines. 15.2 (1981): 277-292.

Ijere, Muriel. "La Condition feminine dans Xala de Sembene Ousmane." Revu de Litterature et de Esthetique Negro-Africaine. 8 (1988): 36-45.

---- "Sembene Ousmane et l 'institution polygamique." Ethiopiques. 5.1-2 (1988): 173-84.

Lee, Sonia. "The Awakening of the Self in the Heroines of Sembene Ousmane." Sturdy Black Bridges. Ed. Roseann P. Bell, Bettye J. Parker and Beverly Guy-Sheftall. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1979. 52-60.

Linkhorn, Renee. "L 'Afrique de demain: Femmes en marche dans l 'oeuvre de Sembene Ousmane." Modern Language Studies. 16.3 (1986): 69-76.

Makward, Edris. "Women, Tradition, and Religion in Sembene Ousmane 's Work." Faces of Islam in African Literature. Ed. by Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1991. 187-99.

Sircar, Roopali. "Women and Resistance: Women in Semben Ousmane 's God 's Bits of Wood." Africa Quarterly. 34.3 (1994): 146-68.

Wallace, Karen Smyley. "A Search for Identity: The Alienated Female Persona in Some Francophone African Novels." Rendezvous: Journal of Arts and Letters. 22.2 (1986): 32-38.

---- "Women and Alienation: Analysis of the Works of Two Francophone Writers." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 63-73.

Senghor, Leopold Sedar

Julien, Eileen. "Avatars of the Feminine in Laye, Senghor and Diop." From Dante to Garcia Marquez: Studies in Romance Literatures and Linguistics. Gene H. Bell-Villada, Antonio Gimenez, and George Pistorius. Williamstown, MA: Williams College, 1987. 336-48.

Wake, Clive. "Practical Criticism or Literary Commentary." Research in African Literatures. 16.1 (1985): 5-19.

Serhane, Abdelhak

Bencheikh, Lotfi. "Body and Space in Abdelhak Serhane 's Novels." Bulletin of Francophone Africa. 4.7 (1995): 21-35.

Smith, Pauline

Clayton, Cherry. "Women Writers and the Law of the Father: Race and Gender in the Fiction of Olive Screiner, Pauline Smith and Sarah Gertrude Millin." English Academy Review. 7 (1990): 99-117.

Driver, Dorothy. "Pauline Smith and the Crisis of Daughterhood." South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory and Criticism. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. 185-206.

Sofola, Zulu

Fido, Elaine Savory. "A Question of Realities: Zulu Sofola 's The Sweet Trap." ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature. 18.4 (1987): 53-66.

Interviews:

Sofola, Zulu. "Interview with Zulu Sofola." Interview by Ezenwa-Ohaeto. Sage. 5 (Summer 1988): 66-7.

de Sousa, Noemie

Elder, Arlene A. " '... Who Can Take the Multitude and Lock It in a Cage? ': Noemia de Sousa, Micere Mugo, Ellen Kuzwayo: Three African Women 's Voices of Resistance." Matatu: Journal for African Culture and Society. 3.6 (1989): 77-100.

Sow Fall, Aminata

Cazenave, Odile. "Gender, Age, and Reeducation: A Changing Emphasis in Recent African Novels in French, as Exemplified in L 'Appel des arenes by Aminata Sow Fall." Africa Today. 38.3 (1991): 54-62.

Jaccard, Anny Claire. "Les Visages de l 'Islam chez Mariama Ba et Aminata Sow Fall." Nouvelles du Sud. 6 (1986-1987): 171-82.

Stringer, Susan. "Cultural Conflict in the Novels of Two African Writers, Mariama Ba and Aminata Sow Fall." Sage. Supplement (1988): 36-41.

Wills, Dorothy Davis. "Economic Violence in Postcolonial Senegal: Noisy Silence in Novels by Mariama Ba and Aminata Sow Fall." Violence, Silence and Anger: Women 's Writing as Transgression. Ed. Deirdre Lashgari. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995. 158-71.

Interviews:

Fall, Aminata Sow. "Aminata Sow Fall: L 'ecriture au feminin." Interview by Francois Pfaff. Notre Librairie. 81 (1985): 135-8.

---- "Entretiens avec Aminata Sow Fall." Interview by Sonia Lee. African Literature Association Bulletin. 14.4 (1988): 23-26.

---- "An Interview with Senegalese Novelist Aminata Sow Fall." By Peter Hawkins. French Studies Bulletin: A Quarterly Supplement. 22 (1987): 19-21.

Soyinka, Wole

Bryan, Sylvia. "Images of Women in Wole Soyinka 's Work." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 119-30.

Davis, Christina. "Taiila: The Indian Women in Wole Soyinka 's Season of Anomy." Commonwealth Essays and Studies. 8.1 (1985): 77-80.

Davies, Carole Boyce. "Maidens, Mistresses, and Matrons: Feminine Images in Selected Soyinka Works." Interdisciplinary Dimensions of African Literature. Ed. Kofi Anyidoho, Abioseh M. Porter, Daniel Racine, and Janice Spleth. Washington, DC: Three Continents, 1985. 89-99. Rpt. in Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 75-88.

Jaccard, Anny Claire. "Portraits de femmes dans Les Interpretes de Wole Soyinka." Nouvelles du Sud. 2 (1985-1986): 99-127.

Layiwola, Dele. "Womanism in Nigerian Folklore and Drama." African Notes: Journal of the Institute of African Studies. 11.1 (1987): 27-33.

Lindeborg, Ruth H. "Is This Guerilla Warfare? The Nature and Strategies of the Political Subject in Wole Soyinka 's Ake." Research in African Literatures. 21.4 (1990): 55-69.

Ndiaye, Marieme. "Female Stereotypes in Wole Soyinka 's The Strong Breed and The Lion and the Jewel." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies. 5 (1993): 19-24.

Ogundipe-Leslie, Molara. "The Representation of Women: The Example of Soyinka 's Ake." Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994. 102-110.

Sethuraman, K. "The Role of Women in the Plays of Wole Soyinka." World Literature Written in English. 25.2 (1985): 222-227.

Sutherland, Efua.

Muhindi, K. "L 'Apport de Efua Theodora Sutherland a la dramaturgie contemporaine." Presence Africaine. 133/134 (1985): 75-85.

Pearce, Adetokunbo. "The Didactic Essence of Efua Sutherland 's Plays." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 71-81.

Wilentz, Gay. "Writing for the Children: Orature, Tradition and Community in Efua Sutherland 's Foriwa." Research in African Literatures. 19.2 (1988): 182-196.

Tansi, Sony Labou

Julien, Eileen. Title. Rape and Representation. Ed. Lynn A. Higgins and Brenda R. Silver. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.

Luce, Louise Fiber. "Passages: The Women of Sony Labou Tansi." The French Review. 64.5 (1991): 739-46.

Thiam, Awa

Brahimi, Denise. "Awa Thiam et Fatima Mernissi: Negro-Africaines et Arabo-Musulmanes." Notre Librairie. 95 (1988): 69-73.

Tlali, Miriam

Daymond, M.J.. "Inventing Gendered Traditions: The Short Stories of Bessie Head and Miriam Tlali." South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 223-40.

Lenta, Margaret. "Two Women and their Territories: Shelia Roberts and Miriam Tlali." Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature. 11.1 (1992): 103-11.

Lockett, Cecily. "The Fabric of Experience: A Critical Perspective on the Writing of Miriam Tlali." Women and Writing in South Africa: A Critical Anthology. Ed. Cherry Clayton. Marshalltown: Heinemann Southern Africa, 1989. 275-85.

Omokore, Omosade Olusola. "The Image of Women in Miriam Tlali 's Amandla." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies. 6 (1995): 1-9.

Interviews:

Tlali, Miriam. Between the Lines: Interviews with Bessie Head, Sheila Roberts, Ellen Kuzwayo, Miriam Tlali. Ed. Craig MacKenzie and Cherry Clayton. Grahamstown: National English Literary Museum, 1989.

---- "Conversation with Miriam Tlali." Interview by Sonia Lee. African Literature Association Buletin. 17.3 (1991): 40-2.

---- "Interview with Miriam Tlali." Interview by Jeanette Dean. New Literatures Review. 27 (Summer 1994): 45-56.

---- "Interview with Miriam Tlali." Interview by Mineke Schipper. Unheard Words: Women and Literature in Africa, the Arab World, Asia, the Caribbean and Latin America.

Walters, Joseph Jeffrey

Singler, John Victor. "The Day Will Come: J.J. Walters and Guanya Pau." Liberian Studies Journal. 15.2 (1990): 125-34.

Warner-Vieyra, Myriam

Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi. "Women 's Empowerment and National Integration: Ba 's So Long a Letter and Warner -Vierya 's Juletane." Current Trends in Literature and Language Studies in West Africa. Ed. Ernest N. Emenyonu and Charles E. Nnolim. Ibadan: Kraft Books Limited, 1994. 7-19.

Interviews:

Warner-Vieyra, Myriam. "An Interview with Myriam Warner-Vieyra." Interview by Mildred Mortimer. Callaloo: A Journal of African-American and African Arts and Letters. 16.1 (1993): 108-15.

Yacine, Kateb

Woodhull, Winifred. "Rereading Nedjma: Feminist Scholarship and North African Women." Substance: A Review of Theory and Literary Criticism. 21.3 (1992): 46-63.

Al-Zayat, Latifa

Al-Zayat, Latifa. "On Political Commitment and Feminist Writing: An Interview: Latifa Al-Zayat." Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics. 10 (1990): 134-50.

General (by geographic region)

Africa

Adams, Anne. "Claiming Her Authority from Life: Twenty Years of African Women 's Literary Criticism." Matatu. 10 (1993): 155-72.

Aidoo, Ama Ata. "The African Woman Today." Dissent. 39 (Summer 1992): 319-25.

Ajayi, Omofolabo. "From His Symbol to Her Icon: An Analysis of the Presentation of Women in African Contemporary Literary Works." American Journal of Semiotics. 8.3 (1991): 31-52.

d 'Almeida, Irene Assiba. Francophone Woman Writers: Destroying the Emptiness of Silence. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1994.

Andrade, Susan Zulema. African Fictions and Feminisms: Making History and Remaking Traditions. Diss. University of Michigan, 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1993. DA9308264.

Ba, Mariama. "Fonction politique des litteratures africaines ecrites." Ecriture francaise dans le monde. 3.5 (1981): 3-7.

Bazin, Nancy Topping. "Feminism in the Literature of African Women." The Black Scholar. 20.3-4 (1989): 8-17.

Boehmer, Elleke Dierdre. Mothers of Africa: Representations of Nations and Gender in Post-Colonial African Literature. Diss. University of Oxford, 1990. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1992. AAC D-95078

Bose, Brinda. Re-Writing the Empire: Gender, Race and Silence in Colonial and Post-Colonial Fiction. Diss. Boston University, 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1995. DA9513927.

Brown, Lloyd Wellesley. Women Writers in Black Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.

Busia, Abena. "Silencing Sycorax: On African Colonial Discourse and the Unvoiced Female." Cultural Critique. 14 (Winter 1989-1990): 81-104.

Cabakulu, Mwamba. "Femmes africaines ecrivaines: Une Certitude de revanche?" Cahiers de l 'Institut Panafricain de Geo Politique. 7 (1989): 98-110.

Christian, Barbara. "Alternate Visions of the Gendered Past: African Women Writers vs. Illich." Feminist Issues. 3.1 (1983): 23-27.

Chukwuma, Helen. "Voices and Choices: The Feminist Dilemma in Four African Novels." Literature and Black Aesthetics. Ed. Ernest Emenyonu, Dele Orisawayi, Ebele Eko, Julius Ogo, Emilia Oko, and Agantiem Abang. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1990.131-42.

Cobham, Rhonda. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Women 's Writing." Research in African Literatures. 19.2 (1988): 137-42.

Cobham-Sander, Rhonda. "Class vs. Sex." The Black Scholar. 17.4 (1986): 17-27.

Davies, Carole Boyce. Black Women, Writing and Identity: Migrations of the Subject. New York: Routledge, 1994.

---- "Challenging Minoring, Marginality and Effacement: African Women Writers and Literary Canons." ASA Annual Meeting Paper. 26 (October 1988).

---- "Introduction: Feminist Conciousness and African Literary Criticism." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 1-23.

---- "Private Selves and Public Spaces: Autobiography and the African Woman Writer; Annual Selected Papers of the African Literature Association." Crisscrossing Boundaries in African Literatures. Ed. Kenneth Harrow, Jonathan Ngate, and Clarisse Zimra. Washington, DC: Three Continents, 1991. 109-27. Earlier version in : Neohelicon. 17.2 (1990): 183-210.

---- "Wrapping Oneself in Mother Akatado-Cloths: Mother-Daughter Relationships in the Works of African Women Writers." Sage. 4.2 (1987): 11-19.

---- "Writing Off Marginality, Minoring, and Effacement." Women 's Studies International Forum. 14.4 (1991): 249-63.

Davies, Carole Boyce and Elaine Savory Fido. "African Women Writers: Toward a Literary History." A History of Twentieth-Century African Literatures. Ed. Oyekan Owomoyela. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. 311-346.

Donaldson, Laura. "Black Women 's Writings: Crossing the Boundaries." Matatu. 3.6 (1989):

Emecheta, Buchi. "Feminism with a Small 'f '." Criticism and Ideology. Ed. Kirstin Holst Peterson. 173-85.

Esonwanne, Uzoma. "Feminist Theory and the Discourse of Colonialism." Reimagining Women: Representations of Women in Culture. Ed. Shirley Neuman and Glennis Stephenson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. 233-55.

Frank, Katherine. "Feminist Criticism and the African Novel." African Literature Today. 14 (1984): 34-47.

---- "Women Without Men: The Feminist Novel in Africa." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 13-34.

Grover, Daniel. "Agbala and Nneke: Gender and Tragedy in African Literature." The Literary Griot: International Journal of Black Oral and Literary Studies. 3.2 (1991): 17-27.

Hill-Lubin, Mildred A. "The Grandmother in African and African American Literature: A Survivor of the African Extended Family." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 257-70

Innes, C.L. "Virgin Territories and Motherlands: Colonial and Nationalist Representations of Africa and Ireland." Feminist Review. 47 (1994): 1-14.

James, Adeola. In Their Own Voices: African Women Writers Talking. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.

Johnson, Rotimi. "Womanism and Feminism in African Letters." The Literary Criterion. 25.2 (1990): 25-35.

Johnson-Odim, Cheryl. "Common Themes, Different Contexts: Third World Women and Feminism." Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Ed. Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Ann Russo, and Lourdes Torres. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991. 314-27.

Julien, Eileen. African Novels and the Question of Orality. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Kalu, Antonia A. Those Left Out in the Rain: African Literary Theory and the Re-Invention of the African Woman. Tucson, AZ: Women 's Studies, The University of Arizona, 1993.

Kane, Mohamadou. "La Feminisme dans le roman africain de langue francaise." University de Dakar Annales de Fac. des Lettres and Sciences Humaines. 10 (1980): 141-200.

Linton-Umeh, Marie. "The African Heroine." Sturdy Black Bridges. Ed. Roseann P. Bell, Bettye J. Parker and Beverly Guy-Sheftall. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1979. 39-51.

Lyonga, Pauline Nalova. Uhamiri or a Feminist Approach to African Literature: An Analysis of Selected Texts by Women in Oral and Written Literature. Diss. University of Michigan, 1985. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1986. AAC 8520936.

Maqagi, Sisi. "Who Theorises?" Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 22-25. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 27-30.

Mazrui, Ali A.. "The Black Woman and the Problem of Gender: An African Perspective." Research in African Literatures. 24.1 (1993): 87-104.

Mugo, Micere Gathae. "Women and Books in Africa." Journal of the Humanities. 1 (1987): 91-100.

Ngcobo, Lauretta. "African Motherhood--Myth and Reality." Criticism and Ideology: Second African Writers Conference: Stockholm 1986. Ed. Kirstin Holst Petersen. Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstituted, 1988. 141-54.

---- "The African Woman Writer." A Double Colonization: Colonial and Post-Colonial Women 's Writing. Mundelstrup, Denmark: Dangaroo, 1986. 81-2.

---- "Four Women Writers in Africa Today." South Africa Outlook. 114.1355 (1984): 64-69.

Nnaemeka, Obioma. "Bringing African Women into the Classroom: Rethinking Pedagogy and Epistemology." Borderwork: Feminist Engagements with Comparative Literature. Ed. Margaret R. Higonnet. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. 301-18.

Nnaemka, Obioma, ed. The Politics of (M)othering: Identity and Resistance in African Literature. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Ngugi wa Thiong 'o. Moving the Centre: The Struggle for Cultural Freedoms. London, Currey, 1993.

Nubukpo, Komla Messan. "Womanist Discourse and the Future of the Male Tradition in Modern African Literature." Bridges: An African Journal of English Studies/Revue Africaine d 'Etudes Anglaises. 6 (1995): 59-66.

Nwankwo, Chimalum. "The Progressive Vision of African Womanhood: Toward a Typology." Griot. 6.2 (1987): 46-57.

Ogundipe-Leslie, Molara. "African Literature, Feminism and Social Change." Interview by Irene Assiba d 'Almeida. Matatu (1995):

---- " The Female Writer and Her Commitment." Women in African Literature Today. Ed. Eldred D. Jones, Eustace Palmer and Marjorie Jones. London: James Curry, 1987. 5-13.

---- Recreating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994.

Ogunjimi, Bayo. "Male Feminists: African Literature and the Debate on Radical Feminism." Caribe. (December 1990): 8-12.

Ogunyemi, Chikwenye O. "Womanism: The Dynamics of Contemporary Black Female Novel in English." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 11.1 (1985): 63-79.

Okonkwo, Juliet. "Cultural Revolution and the African Novel." The Black Scholar. 17.4 (1986): 11-16.

Peterson, Kirsten Holst. "First Things First: Problems of a Feminist Approach to African Literature." Kunapipi. 6.3 (1984): 35-47.

---- "Unpopular Opinions: Some African Women Writers." A Double Colonization: Colonial and Post-Colonial Women 's Writing. Ed. Kirstin Holst Petersen and Anna Rutherford. Mundelstrop, Denmark: Dangaroo Press, 1986. 107-20.

Reid, Mark A.. "Dialogic Modes of Representing Africa(s): Womanist Film." Tang tai (Contemporary Monthly). 3.1 (1992): 38-52.

Ryan, Pamela. "The Future of African Feminism." Current Writing. 2 (1990): 26-29.

Rushing, Andrea Benton "Images of Black Women in Modern African Poetry: An Overview." Sturdy Black Bridges.Ed. Roseann P. Bell, Bettye J. Parker and Beverly Guy-Sheftall. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1979.

Schipper, Mineke. "Emerging from the Shadows: Changing Patterns in Gender Matters." Research in African Literatures. 27.1 (1996): 155-71.

---- "Mother Africa on a Pedestal: The Male Heritage in African Literature and Criticism." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 35-54.

---- Source of All Evil: African Proverbs and Sayings on Women. London: Allison and Busby, 1991.

---- "Women and Literature in Africa." Unheard Words: Women and Literature in Africa, the Arab World, Asia, the Caribbean and Latin America. Ed. Mineke Shipper. London: Allison and Busby, 1984. 22-58.

Smith, Esther Y. "Images of Women in African Literature: Some examples of Inequality in the Colonial Period." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 27-44.

Stewart, Leisha. "Painful Truths of a SAMLA Convention." SAGE. 5 (Summer 1988): 71-2.

Stratton, Florence. Contemporary African Literature and the Politics of Gender. London: Routledge, 1994.

---- "The Shallow Grave: Archetypes of Female Experience in African Fiction." Research in African Literatures. 19.2 (1988): 143-69.

Swanepoel, C.F.. African Literature: Approaches and Applications. Pretoria: HAUM Tertiary, 1990.

Taiwo, Oladele. Female Novelists of Modern Africa. New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1985.

Wilentz, Gay. Binding Cultures: Black Women Writers in Africa and the Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Williams, Sherley Ann. "Some Implications of Womanist Theory." Crisscrossing Boundaries in African Literatures, 1986. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press and the African Literature Association, 1991. 51-57.

East Africa

Mahrour, Nadia. L 'image de la femme a travers la litterature est-africaine. Diss. University of Paris, 1987.

North Africa

Woodhull, Winifred. Transfigurations of the Maghreb: Feminism, Decolonization, and Literatures. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.

West Africa

Adebayo, Aduke Grace. "Tearing the Veil of Invisibility: The Roles of West African Female Writers in Contemporary Times." New Visions of Creation: Feminist Innovations in Literary Theory. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1993. 64-75.

d 'Almeida, Irene Assiba. Francophone African Women Writers: Destroying the Emptiness of Silence. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1994.

Berrian, Brenda. "The Afro-American-West African Marriage Question: Its Literary and Historical Contexts." African Literature Today 15 (1987): 152-159.

Borgomano, Madeleine. Voix et visages de femmes, dans les livres ecrits par des femmes en Afrique francophone. Abidjan: CEDA, 1989.

Holloway, Karla F. C. . Moorings and Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women 's Literature. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992.

Lee, Sonia. L 'image de la femme dans le roman francophone de l 'Afrique occidentale. Diss. University of Massachusetts, 1974.

---- "Changes in Mother Image in West African Fiction." Neohelicon 14.2 (1987): 139-150.

McCaffrey, Kathleen. "Images of Women in West African Literature and Film: A Struggle against Dual Colonization." International Journal of Women 's Studies. 3 (1980): 76-88.

Malti-Douglas, Fedwa. Woman 's Body, Woman 's Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Newell, Stephanie, ed. Writing African Women: Gender, Popular Culture, and Literature in West Africa. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1997.

Algeria

Clarke, Jan. "Moudjahidate: Women 's Participation in the Algerian War of Independence as Represented in the Works of Algerian Women Writers." Bulletin of Francophone Africa. 4.7 (1995): 77-92.

Claudot, H. "Femme ideale et femmes sociales chez les Touaregs de l 'Ahaggar." Production Pastorale et Societe Paris.14 (1984): 93-105.

Lazreg, Marnia. "Feminism and Difference: The Perils of Writing as a Woman in Algeria." Feminist Studies. 14.1 (1988): 81-107.

Roche, Anne. "Women 's Literature in Algeria." Reserch in African Literatures. 23.2 (1992): 209-16.

Tahon, Marie-Blanche. "Women Novelists and Women in the Struggle for Algeria 's National Liberation." Research in African Literatures. 23.2 (1992): 39-50.

Yacine, K. "La voix des femmes." Awal. 3 (1987): 1-27.

Cameroon

Jaccard, Anny-Claire. "Des textes novateurs: La Litterature feminine." Notre Librairies. 99 (1989): 155-61.

Egypt

Lapacherie, Jean Gerard. "La Feminisme dans la Litterature egyptienne de langue francaise." Francofonia: Studi e Ricerche Sulle Letterature di Lingua Francese. 23 (1992): 21-32.

Ghana

Maja-Pearce, Adewale. "We Were Feminists in Africa First." Index on Censorship. 19.9 (1990): 17-18.

Kenya

O 'Barr, Jean. "Feminist Issues in the Fiction of Kenya 's Women." African Literature Today. 15 (1987): 55-70.

Pike, Charles. "Women Narrative Performers in Six Luiya Tsingano." Ba-Shiru: A Journal of African Languages and Literature. 12.2 (1985): 51-58.

Nigeria

Abu Manga, Al-Amin. "The Concept of Women in Fulani Narratives." Nigeria Magazine. 150 (1984): 52-8.

Boyd, Jean and Beverly Mack. "Women 's Islamic Literature in Northern Nigeria: 150 Years of Tradition." The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 142-58.

Cobham-Sander, Rhonda. "Class vs. Sex: The Problem of Values in the Modern Nigerian Novel." Black-Scholar 17:4 (1986):17-27.

Coulon, Virginia. "Women at War: Nigerian Women Writers and the Civil War." Commonwealth Essays and Studies. 13.1 (1990):1-12.

Iesue, Renata. "Romance and Reality: Popular Writings by Nigerian Women." Commonwealth Essays and Studies. 13.1 (1990): 28-37.

Layiwola, Dele. "Womanism in Nigerian Folklore and Drama." African Notes. 11.1 (1987): 27-33.

Mack, Beverly. "Hausa Women Poets: Ghost Writers." Ba-Shiru: A Journal of African Languages and Literature. 12.2 (1985): 36-50.

---- "Songs from Silence: Hausa Women 's Poetry." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed: Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 181-90.

---- " 'Waka Daya Ba Ta Kare Nika '--One Song Will Not Finish the Grinding: Hausa Women 's Oral Literature." Contemporary African Fiction. Ed. Hal Wylie, Eileen Julien and Russell J. Linnemann. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1983. 15-48.

Nnaemeka, Obioma. "Towards a Feminist Criticism of Nigerian Literature." Feminist Issues. 9.1 (1989): 73-87.

Nwaigwe, Chinyere Anne. "Nigerian Women Writers and Feminism. OFIRIMA. 3 (1990-91): 8-9.

Ogundipe-Leslie, Molara. Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1984.

Senegal

Herzberger-Fofana, Pierrette. "L 'Islam dans les romans feminins senegalais." Frankophone Literaturen ausserhalb Europas. Frankfurtam Main: Verlag Peter Lang, 1987. 97-104.

---- "La Litterature feminine francophone: Les Romancieres senegalaises." Franzosisch Heute. 16.4 (1985): 407-420.

Houedanou, Lucien. "Islam et societe dans la litterature feminine du Senegal." Nouvelles du Sud. 7 (1987): 159-70.

McNee, Lisa. Selfish Gifts: Sengalese Women 's Autobiographical Discourses. Diss. Indiana University, Bloomington, 1996.

Somali

Kapteijns, Lidwien with Miriam Omar Ali. "Sittaat: Somali Women 's Songs for the 'Mother of the Believers. '" The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature. Ed. Kenneth W. Harrow. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 124-41.

Jama, Zainab Mohamed. "Fighting to Be Heard: Somali Women 's Poetry." African Languages and Cultures. 4.1 (1991): 43-53.

South Africa

Arnott, Jill. "French Feminism in a South African Frame? Gayatri Spivak and the Problem of Representation in South African Feminism." Pretexts. 3.1-2 (1991): 118-28. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 77-89.

Ayling, R. "Literature of the Eastern Cape from Schreiner to Fugard." Ariel. 16.2 (1985): 77-98.

Bruner, Charlotte H. "There Is No Time in South Africa Now for Fairy Stories." World Literature Today. 61.3 (1987): 410-414.

Clayton, Cherry. "Post-Colonial, Post-Apartheid, Post-Feminist: Family and State in Prison Narratives by South African Women." Kunapipi. 13.1-2 (1991): 136-44.

Daymond, M.J. . "Introduction." South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. xii-xliii.

---- "Text and Reception in Southern Africa." Current Writing. 2.1 (1990).

Flockemann, Miki. "Tradition and Transformation: One Never Knows." Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature. 11.1 (1992): 113-23.

Halloway, Karla F.C.. Moorings and Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women 's Literature. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992.

Hofmeyr, Isabel. "Feminist Literary Criticism in South Africa." English in Africa. 19.1 (1992): 89-102.

Jaffer, Fatima. "Women and South Africa: Speak speaks no more." Kinesis. 11 (March 1995).

Lenta, Margaret. "The Need for a Feminism: Black Township Writing." Journal of Literary Studies Tydskrif Vir Literaturwetenskap. 4.1 (1988): 49-63.

Lewis, Desiree. "The Politics of Feminism in South Africa." Women 's Studies International Forum. 16.5 (1993). Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 91-104.

Lockett, Cecily. "Feminism(s) and Writing in English in South Africa." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 1-21. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 3-26.

---- "Searching for Words: Towards a Gynocritical Model for the Study of South African Women 's Poetry." Journal of Literary Studies/ Tydskrif Vir Literaturwetenskap. 7.2 (1991): 146-63.

---- "South African Women 's Poetry: A Gynocritical Perspective." Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature. 11.1 (1992): 51-63.

Mofokeng, Boitumelo, Thandi Moses, Sanna Naidoo, Lebohang Sikwe, Veni Soobrayan and Nomhle Tokwe with M.J. Daymond and Margaret Lenta. "Workshop on Black Women 's Writing and Reading." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 2. 1990. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 107-29.

Muller, Carol. "Nazarite Women, Religious Narrative and the Construction of Cultural Truth and Power. "South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 155-168.

de Reuck, Jenny. "Writing Feminism: Theoretical Inscriptions in South Africa." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 30-34. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 37-43.

Ryan, Pamela. "The Future of South African Feminism." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 26-29. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 31-35.

Schalkwyk, David. "The Authority of Experience or the Tyranny of Discourse: An Inescapable Impasse?" Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 45-70. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 57-76.

Schipper, M.. "Emerging from the Shadows: Changing Patterns in Gender

Matters." Research in African Literatures, 27.1(1996):155-71.

Taylor, Elizabeth. "From the White House: A Toilet of One 's Own." Renaissance and Modern Studies. 34 (1991): 28-44.

Wicomb, Zoe. "To Hear the Variety of Discourses." Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa. 2.1 (1990): 35-44. Rpt. in South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory, and Criticism 1990-1994. Ed. M.J. Daymond. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.

Zimbabwe

Ela, Jean Mare. Images of Women in Zimbabwean Literature. Harare, Zimbabwe: The College Press, 1985.

Marshy, Mona. "Women and Literature in Tanzania and Zimbabwe." ISIS Women in Action. 2 (1989):11.

Veit-Wild, Flora. "Creating a New Society: Women 's Writing in Zimbabwe." Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 22.1 (1987): 171-79.

Other Bibliographies

Berrian, Brenda F. Bibliography of African Women Writers and Journalists. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1985.

Davies, Carole Boyce. "A Bibliography of Criticism and Related Works." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 283-93.

Fister, Barbara. "Appendix V: Criticism." Third World Women 's Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 363-76.

Bibliography: of Criticism and Related Works." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Ed. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. 283-93. Fister, Barbara. "Appendix V: Criticism." Third World Women 's Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 363-76.