Development and Environment Nexus
INFLUENCE OF POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
BY:
KABERA HENRY MACHARIA
EM12/2880/11
AN ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO:
DR S.M. MAKINDI
ENSCI. 701- ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
EGERTON UNIVERSITY
AUGUST 2011
Table of contents.
Table of contents. ii
Table of figures. iii
List of abbreviations. iv
QUESTION ONE. 1
Introduction 1
Industrialization. 2
1.1 The Effect of Industrial Pollution 2
1.1.1 Global Warming 2
1.1.2 Air Pollution. 4
1.1.3 Water Pollution[pic] 7
1.1.4 Soil Pollution 7
2. Agricultural development. 7
Conclusion 10
Recommendations 11
QUESTION TWO 12
1.0. Introduction 12
Developmental demands on poor nations. 13
1.2 Population and environmental degradation. 15
1.3 High inequality in provision of social services. 16
a). Energy. 16
b). Water and sanitation. 17
1.4 Problems of Policies 18
1.5 Impact of poverty on resource management. 20
1.6 The Poor’s constraints to manage risks. 20
Table of figures.
Figure 1 Effects of global warming 4
Figure 2. A poor farmer struggling to produce on already mineral exhausted soil. 8
Figure 3. A highly polluted river in a deforested area 9
Figure 4. Balancing social, economic and environmental needs to acquire sustainability in development. 11
Figure 5 Energy sources in Africa by source in the year 2009 (world fact book, 2010) 17
Figure 6. Relationship between sustainability and equity in allocation of resources 18
Figure 7. Linkages between poverty and environmental problems. 21
List of abbreviations.
DfID Department of International Development.
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EU European Union
HDI Human Development Index
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development.
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPCC United Nations ' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LDCs Least Developed Countries
MIC Methyl isocyanate
NASA National
BY:
KABERA HENRY MACHARIA
EM12/2880/11
AN ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO:
DR S.M. MAKINDI
ENSCI. 701- ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
EGERTON UNIVERSITY
AUGUST 2011
Table of contents.
Table of contents. ii
Table of figures. iii
List of abbreviations. iv
QUESTION ONE. 1
Introduction 1
Industrialization. 2
1.1 The Effect of Industrial Pollution 2
1.1.1 Global Warming 2
1.1.2 Air Pollution. 4
1.1.3 Water Pollution[pic] 7
1.1.4 Soil Pollution 7
2. Agricultural development. 7
Conclusion 10
Recommendations 11
QUESTION TWO 12
1.0. Introduction 12
Developmental demands on poor nations. 13
1.2 Population and environmental degradation. 15
1.3 High inequality in provision of social services. 16
a). Energy. 16
b). Water and sanitation. 17
1.4 Problems of Policies 18
1.5 Impact of poverty on resource management. 20
1.6 The Poor’s constraints to manage risks. 20
Table of figures.
Figure 1 Effects of global warming 4
Figure 2. A poor farmer struggling to produce on already mineral exhausted soil. 8
Figure 3. A highly polluted river in a deforested area 9
Figure 4. Balancing social, economic and environmental needs to acquire sustainability in development. 11
Figure 5 Energy sources in Africa by source in the year 2009 (world fact book, 2010) 17
Figure 6. Relationship between sustainability and equity in allocation of resources 18
Figure 7. Linkages between poverty and environmental problems. 21
List of abbreviations.
DfID Department of International Development.
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EU European Union
HDI Human Development Index
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development.
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPCC United Nations ' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LDCs Least Developed Countries
MIC Methyl isocyanate
NASA National
References: Brocklesby, Mary Ann and Emily Hinshelwood. 2001. “Poverty and Environment: What the Poor Say” Department of International Development (DfID), U.K., European Commission (EU), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Bank (2002). Jahan, Selim. 1998. “Consumption, Natural Resource Use and Environment: Impact for Human Development” Janicke, Martin, Harald Monch, Thomas Ranneberg and Udo E. Simonis (1989): “Economic Structure and Environmental Impacts: East-West Comparisons”, The Munasinghe, M. and W. Cruz. 1995. “Economy-wide Policies and Environment Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Ostrom, E. C. Burger, E. Field, R. Norgaard and D. Policansky. 1999. “Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons and Global Challenges”, Science, Vol