• Anthropology – study of culture
• How and why cultures differ and are similar
• Theoretical orientation – attitude about how cultural phenomenon is to be explained.
Early evolutionism(Tylor and Morgan) - culture evolved from simple to complex- 3 stages of development savagery, barbarism, civilization
- to account for variations – societies in different stages of evolution
Historical Particularism – (Boas) disagreed with evolutionists that cultures are governed by universal laws
- cultural trait has to be studied in the context of the society in which it appeared - only after body of the data was gathered could theories be proposed and interpretation made.
Diffusionism - British school – most aspects of civilization were developed in Egypt and diffused to other parts - German-Austrian school- from different cultural complex - American school- features of culture area to a geographical culture center Question: how a culture accepts and rejects?
Functionalism (Malinowski)
- Cultural traits serve the needs of individuals in a society
- function of cultural traits is its ability to satisfy same basic needs or derived needs of the members of the group - needs include nutrition, reproduction, bodily comfort, safety, relaxation, movement, growth Question: Needs are universal, then why ways of satisfying them vary from one culture to another?
Structural functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown) - aspects of social behavior maintain society's social structure rather than satisfying individual needs Question: How to determine whether a cultural trait is contributing to the maintenance of society or not?
Psychological approaches (Benedict and Mead) - cultures could be characterized in terms of different personality types - Culture and personality types are linked - Culture is responsible for personality differences between sexes
Structuralism (Levi-Strauss) - culture as a surface representation of the underlying structure of the human mind which is predisposed to think and behave in terms of binary opposition - Like grammar in language, there are rules of thoughts that underlie culture
Ethnoscience - attempts to derive these rules from logical analysis as free as possible from contamination of biases - if we can know the rules of behavior , then we can explain much of what people do and why they do it
Cultural ecology (Steward) - explanation for some aspects of cultural variation could be found in the adaptation of societies to their environment - cultural traits can be adaptive or maladaptive
Political economy - assumes external forces (e.g. politics, economy, world history) explain the way a society changes and adapts
---------------
Ethnography - a (thick) description and analysis of a single society
Participant observation (fieldwork) - systematic observation and data collection
Reference:
Ember, C., & Ember, M. (1990). Cultural Anthropology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc
You May Also Find These Documents Helpful
-
In some cultures, certain social orders not subordinate activities to a guideline motivation. This lack of integration seems to be so characteristic of certain cultures as far as integration is another. This is because not everywhere the same circumstances. Each form itself a complex and its own goals and motivations are. No psychological expression appears as the dominant feature in the culture as a…
- 1012 Words
- 5 Pages
Good Essays -
Cross-cultural psychologists test theories with the notion that culture was ____________ of the individual and separate from psychological activities and principles. General Knowledge…
- 519 Words
- 3 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
Introduction: One’s culture is a key part of their identity. Culture can reside in a nation, family, ethnicity, a religion, etc. Mahatma Gandhi once said, “A Nation’s culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people”. One’s culture is usually seen through the religion and traditions of their nation; therefore this influences their everyday lives and their behavior.. Culture influences one’s appearance or the way they talk, but also a person’s ideas, judgements, and treatments of others.…
- 400 Words
- 2 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
Describe and be able to identify all the elements of culture: social organization, customs and traditions, language, arts and literature, religion, forms of government and economic systems…
- 375 Words
- 2 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
From Culture As Given, Culture As Choice by Dirk Van Der Elst, some concepts to know: distinguish between behaviors that are innate versus behaviors that are learned (chapter 2), distinguish between “culture” and “society” (chapter 3), define “symbols” and “gestures” (Chapter 4), define “deviance” and “syncretism” (chapter 8), and define “science” and “hypothesis” (chapter 9).…
- 285 Words
- 1 Page
Satisfactory Essays -
2. The concept that different cultural groups can and should maintain their unique cultural identities while participating equally in the dominant culture is…
- 4268 Words
- 18 Pages
Powerful Essays -
- Their behavior in class is shaped by their culture and influenced by social forces…
- 3404 Words
- 14 Pages
Powerful Essays -
Culture-Learned or shared behavior by a group of people empowering them with a distinct "way of life"…
- 763 Words
- 4 Pages
Good Essays -
In order to examine the questions raised above, one must establish not only the culture…
- 1823 Words
- 8 Pages
Powerful Essays -
| |looking at the documents of a culture can usually answer most social psychological questions.…
- 1318 Words
- 6 Pages
Powerful Essays -
culture and values, one may think about it as something everyone is born with and others might look…
- 1038 Words
- 4 Pages
Good Essays -
analysis. It is noteworthy that although we proceeded with our theoretical discussion as if there existed a fixed prototypical cultural type of individuals, such…
- 4179 Words
- 17 Pages
Better Essays -
Structural Functionalism states that our lives are guided by social structures, which are correspondingly stable patterns in social behavior. In other…
- 1307 Words
- 6 Pages
Good Essays -
This week’s topic was how cultural norms can influence behaviors and outcomes. The sociocultural perspective people is the world view people have because of the environment they grew up. There are so many different cultures in this world, and because of globalization the differences between the cultures is not something only anthropologist study, but because of technology, more people get exposed to on a daily basis. Personally, when I grew up I did not get much exposure to other cultures and when you don’t get influenced by other cultures you can easily develop a preference for what you know. The so called this mere exposure effect.…
- 560 Words
- 3 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
• Cultural universals which are patterned and recurrent aspects of life that appears in all known societies. All people confront many of the same problems; culture represents an accumulation of solutions to the problems posed by human biology and the human situation.…
- 2986 Words
- 12 Pages
Good Essays