Chapter 10 Euro Study

Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery Reading and Study Guide (Divide and Conquer) Taking the time to do a study guide well reduces the time required to study well for an exam. As you invest, so shall you prosper…. BIG QUESTIONS: (as you work through the chapter, keep these questions in mind) 1. What were the politics, culture, and art of the Italian Renaissance like? 2. What was the political struggle within Italy and how was it affected by foreign intervention? 3. Who were the powerful new monarchies of northern Europe? 4. What was the though and culture of the northern Renaissance? Introduction: • From what crises was Europe recovering, during the late Middle Ages? • What place did the vernacular have in general communication? • What impact did imported American gold and silver have on science, military, and economics? The Renaissance in Italy (1375-1527) • What “approach to reality” did people begin to adopt during this time period? • What were the main characteristics of Renaissance Europe?
! The Italian City-State • What made Italy geographically unique? • How did the great Italian cities become the bankers of much of Europe by the fifteenth century? ! Growth of City-States • What assisted the growth of Italian cities and urban culture? • How did the merchant oligarchies become strengthened? • What were the five major competitive states in Italy? • What were their unique systems? • Who controlled the Papal States? • Why did the cities develop despotisms? Who ruled Venice? Oligarchy: a small group of people who together govern a nation or control an organization, often for their own purposes Despotism: rule by an authoritarian or tyrant

! How did social class create conflict? • Describe the situation within Florence. • What percentage of Florence’s population was considered paupers? • What was the Ciompi Revolt? What three factors led to it? Who came out on top? ! Despotism and Diplomacy • Who was the wealthiest Florentine? How did he control the city? What was the Signoria? What made • • • •

Lorenzo the Magnificent a cautious and determined ruler? What was a podestà? What was his job? What were condottieri? What would be the modern name for them? Which family, the Visconti or the Sforza produced Ludovico il Moro? What did political turbulence and warfare give birth to? What purpose did ambassadors serve? What elements of society promoted Italian Renaissance culture? What was the main ingredient required for patronage of the arts and literature during the High Renaissance?

Humanism • What are the three schools of thought on the meaning of “humanism?” • What is the official definition of “humanism?” • What types of lessons should be taught/learned? • Who were the Scholastics? • Where did humanists go for factual information? What is

Rhetoric: the study of methods employed to write or speak effectively and persuasively

considered the “surgeon’s tool of the humanist?”
! Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio • Who is considered the “father of humanism?” What did he write? • Whose writings, in conjunction with Petrarch, form the cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature? • What did Dante write? Who wrote the Decameron? What was it about? ! Educational Reforms and Goals • “Humanists were not bashful scholars.” What does this mean? • What was the goal of humanist studies? “It is better to will the good than to know the truth.” What • •

does this mean? What are the ideals of the successful courtier and who created this ideal? What was unique about Christine de Pisan? What did she write?

! The Florentine “Academy” and the Revival of Platonism • Which Greek scholar was studied the most? How did Florence become the center for Greek studies? • •

Who sponsored the Florentine Platonic Academy? What was the function of the Florentine humanists? What was the appeal of Platonism? What was the essence of Platonism? What was the Oration on the Dignity of Man? “Humans are the only creatures in the world” to do what?

! Critical Work of the Humanists: Lorenzo Valla • How could humanists become critics of tradition? • What was Valla’s popularity among Protestants based on? • What did Valla expose in the Donation? • What great Protestant Reformer was influenced and supported by the humanists? ! Civic Humanism • What is the purpose of education? • How was this portrayed in Florence? By whom? • Who “adopted the vernacular and made contemporary history their primary source and subject matter”?

Why? Renaissance Art • “[T]he values and interests of the laity were no longer subordinated to those of the clergy.” • What did men and women appreciate and even glorify? • What timeframe is considered the High Renaissance? • With what is Renaissance art emphatically concerned? • What is chiaroscuro and linear perspective?
Laity: the followers of a religion who are not clergy Clergy: the body of people ordained for religious service, especially in the Christian Church

! Leonardo da Vinci • What made da Vinci a true Renaissance man? ! Raphael • Which work of art is considered a “virtually perfect example of Renaissance technique”? ! Michelangelo • Which work of art is considered a “perfect example of… harmony, symmetry, and proportion”? • What did Pope Julius II commission Michelangelo to paint? • What is mannerism?

Slavery in the Renaissance • What was the rationale for slave-owning? • What peoples were held as slaves? Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494-1527) ! The Treaty of Lodi

• • •

What did Italian city-states rely on to maintain peace? What were the terms of the Treaty? How did the French come to invade Italy?

! Charles VIII’s March through Italy • How did Savronarola excuse/explain/rationalize Charles’ invasion? • Who were the members of the League of Venice? What were its goals? ! Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family • Who was considered the “most corrupt pope who ever sat on •

the papal throne”? What actions confirm this assessment?

! Pope Julius II • Why was Julius II known as the “warrior pope”? • What is a “secular papacy”? • What were Julius’ major accomplishments? • What did the Concordat of Bologna grant Francis I? What was the ultimate result of this compromise? ! Niccolò Machiavelli • What prompted Machiavelli to determine that “Italian political unity and independence were ends that • • •

Secular: not religious or spiritual in nature Papacy: the power or position of the pope

justified any means”? What is virtù? From what time period did Machiavelli get his inspiration? What did Machiavelli scold his people about? “Machiavellian” has become synonymous with what? From what family did Machiavelli believe the strongest rulers would come?

Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe • “After 1450, there was a progressive shift from to unified national monarchies as “ ” rulers emerged. (KOT 335) th th • In the late 15 and early 16 Centuries who would win arguments between the “one and the many?” • What groups were in decline and less able to contain expanding monarchies? • Who allied with the king? What made possible the rise of sovereign states? • Who controlled the powers of taxation, war making, and law enforcement? What were the Cortés, Estates General, and Parliament? What was the main purpose of civil servants? • From what did the concept of standing armies evolve? How were these armies to be financed?
! France • Who was Charles VII’s finance minister? th • What were the two cornerstones of French nation building in the 15 century? • “A strong nation is a two-edged sword.” What does this mean and how does it apply to France? ! Spain • What unified Spain? Who felt threatened by this unity? • What were Isabella and Ferdinand’s main accomplishments? • What role did they play with the Spanish Church? (As the Monty Python boys say, “No one expects a • •

Spanish Inquisition!”) Make a chart of Ferdinand and Isabella’s family using the information on page 337. What made Spain a dominant power in the 16th century?

! England • What was the War of the Roses? Who won? • What is Richard III’s legacy? • What happened on Bosworth Field, August 1485? • How did Henry VII unite England? What was the Court of Star Chamber? • How was Henry VII able to “govern without dependence on Parliament for royal funds?”

! The Holy Roman Empire

NOTE: The HRE is often referred to Germany, although Germany wasn’t really independent and selfestablished until 1871. The Holy Roman Empire was neither “holy” nor “Roman,” governing but was created by Charlemagne a zillion years (not really) earlier as a successor to the Roman Empire under the Caesars (Julius, Nero, Claudius, etc). th • By the late 15 century, how many autonomous political entities made up Germany? • What was the Golden Bull? What did it establish? How was the emperor chosen? • What was the Reichstag? What political entities were considered the weakest of the three bodies represented in the diet? • What was significant about the Diet of Worms in 1495? Diet: a legislative assembly • Did these diets provide true national unity? Where did the in certain countries Protestant Reformation break out? The Northern Renaissance created a climate favorable to • “The scholarly works of reforms on the eve of the Reformation.” (KOT 338) • Generally speaking, what was the culture of the northern humanists?

Autonomous: politically

and

! The Printing Press • What is/was necessary for a kingdom to be properly governed? • Why did Johann Gutenberg invent a moveable type printing press? What types of books were printed?

Who benefited the most from the printed word? Who felt the most threatened by new-found literacy? Why?
! Erasmus • Who is considered the “prince of the humanists”? Why? • What did Erasmus aspire to unite? Why? • Why was the Church unhappy with Erasmus? ! Humanism and Reform

! Germany • Who is the “father of German humanism”? • What was Von Hutten’s role in German humanism? • What was the Reuchlin affair? ! England • How did Italian learning get to England? • Who is the best known English humanist? o What was the basis of Utopia? o What led to his execution? ! France • Who were the leaders of French humanism? • What future Protestant reformer was influenced by French humanists? ! Spain • Who was Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros and what role did he play in the Church? • How did Spain maintain strict national Catholicism? Voyages of Discovery and the New Empire in the West ! Gold and Spices • What inspired Henry the Navigator to sponsor the Portuguese exploration of the African coast? • What city became the financial center of Europe? Why?

• • •

Why spices? Who rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1487? Where is it? Who reached the Indian coast in 1498? Who were the main competitors for control of the European spice trade? Whose crew circumnavigated the globe?

! The Spanish Empire in the New World • How long did Spain conquer, exploit, and administer its •

• •

American empire? What financed Spain’s major role in the religious and political conflicts and contributed to European inflation in the 16th century? What lasting influences did Spain have on the New World? “They never say .”

Inflation: an increase in the supply of currency or credit relative to the availability of goods and services, resulting in higher prices

! A Conquered World • Where did “Indians” come from? • What was the earliest Mesoamerican civilization? Where was it located?

! ! !

When did Hernàn Cortés land in Mexico? What made his conquest so easy? What was the second Native American culture conquered by the Spanish? Who did it? What did these two conquests (and conquerors) have in common?

! The Economy of Exploitation • What were the three major components in the colonial economy of Latin America? ♦ What two precious metals were crucial for Spanish development? Why was the Spanish crown “particularly interested in mining?” ♦ What was the hacienda? Peninsulares? Creoles? ♦ What was the hacienda’s two major products? ♦ What jobs made up the urban service occupations? • What was the encomienda system? Repartimiento? • What was debt peonage? • What people were used as the “final mode of forced…labor in the New World?” • What was the ultimate cost of Spanish labor servitude? ! The Impact on Europe • How did Columbus’ discovery increase skepticism about the ancient wisdom? • What impact would this have on the Church? • What events were portrayed as world-historical events that opened new eras in communication and globalization? • What impact did spices and precious metals have on Europe? Why? (hint: see definition of inflation above) • What did the new wealth enable governments and private entrepreneurs to do? • What is the earliest and basic definition of capitalism? • What was the social impact of new wealth? How did this affect the poor? Wealthy? ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥ Test Yourself: (The answers to these multiple choice items can be found at the end of this study guide) 1) This entire period of the late Middle Ages is considered a period of a) Creative breaking up c) Unprecedented difficulty b) Decline and harvest d) All of these 2) For Europe the late 15th and 16th centuries were a period that saw a) The collapse of the Atlantic slave trade b) Unprecedented territorial growth and ideological experimentation

d) A continued weakening of the European trade system 3) Which of the following was NOT written by Francesco Petrarch c) Africa a) Letters to the Ancient Dead d) Lives of Illustrious Men b) Vita Nuova 4) The Renaissance center for Platonist and Neoplatonist thought was the city of c) Paris a) Florence d) Venice b) Rome 5) The Renaissance gave new perspective to life which is probably best evidence in a) Warfare c) Painting and sculpture b) Music and literature d) Education and philosophy 6) Renaissance paintings appeared three-dimensional as a result of a) Adjustments to the size of the figures c) The use of oil paints portrayed d) All of these b) The use of shading 7) Who is considered the most corrupt Pope of all times? a) Julius II b) Innocent III

c) Successful curtailing of ideas by the Church

c) John XXIII d) Alexander VI

8) Which of the following figures would be considered the lease responsible for the fall of the Italian city-states during this period? a) Machiavelli c) Ludovico il Moro b) Ferdinand of Aragon d) Charles VIII 9) Machiavelli’s The Prince was dedicated to a) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V b) Lorenzo de Medici

c) Lorenzo the Magnificent d) Pope Clement VII

10) The creation of an electoral college for the Holy Roman Empire can be found in the a) Imperial Council of Regency c) Assembly at Worms b) Golden Bull of 1356 d) None of these

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. B