Basic Technologies of Handling Chemicals and Laboratory Apparatus
TITLE Basic Technologies of Handling Chemicals and Laboratory Apparatus INTRODUCTION Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The commonly used unit to indicate the density of water is (g/cm3). Water never has an absolute density because its density varies with temperature. Water has its maximum density of 1 g/cm3 at 4oC. When the temperature changes from either greater or less than 4oC, the density will become less than 1g/cm3 only when it is pure water. Other factors that can affect water’s density whether it is tap water, fresh water or salt water. These variations of water change its density because what is in the water has its own density. A measuring cylinder is used to accurately measure the volume of liquids. Measuring cylinder is generally more accurate and precise for this purpose than flasks and beakers. It is meant to be read with the surface of the liquid at eye level, where the centre of the meniscus shows the measurement line. Usually, the surface of the solution will form a curve known as meniscus. Typically the accuracy of the measuring cylinder is +/- 0.05mL. A burette is a vertical cylindrical piece of laboratory glassware with a volumetric graduation on its full length and a precision is necessary. It is accurate and has a tolerance of 0.1cm3. A pipette is used to transport a measured volume of liquid. Its accuracy is 0.5mL.
OBJECTIVE 1. To practice correct method of handling laboratory apparatus. 2. To determine the density of water. CHEMICAL/APPARATUS 250mL beaker, pipette, burette, top loading balance, 50mL measuring cylinder, filter funnel, pipette bulb/pipette filler
METHODS
A) Determining the density of water by using a burette.
1. The mass of the empty beaker is weighed by using a top loading balance in unit grams.
2. The burette is washed with tap water.
3. The burette is clamped vertically to the retort stand.
4.
OBJECTIVE 1. To practice correct method of handling laboratory apparatus. 2. To determine the density of water. CHEMICAL/APPARATUS 250mL beaker, pipette, burette, top loading balance, 50mL measuring cylinder, filter funnel, pipette bulb/pipette filler
METHODS
A) Determining the density of water by using a burette.
1. The mass of the empty beaker is weighed by using a top loading balance in unit grams.
2. The burette is washed with tap water.
3. The burette is clamped vertically to the retort stand.
4.
References: 1. Willa Y. Garner, Maureen S. Barge, 1987, Good Laboratory Practices An Agrochemical Perspective, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. 2. Fakhru’l-Razi Ahmadun, Chuah Teong Guan, Mohd Halim Shah Ismail, 2005, SAFETY: Principles & Practices In The Laboratory, Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, Serdang. 3. P.W. Atkins, J.A. Beran, 1990, General Chemistry Second Edition International Student Edition, Scientific American Books, New York. 4. Charles H. Henrickson, Carry C. Byrd, Norman W. Hunter, 2011, Laboratory For General, Organic And Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York. 5. Kathy Dodds Tyner, 1995, Laboratory Exercises for Preparatory Chemistry, Wm.C.Brown Publisher, United State of America.