the major urban areas of Brazil caused mainly by the increasing use of vehicles. Policies to control car emissions in Brazil have relied basically on mandatory emission standards and subsidies for specific cleaner technology resulting in substantial decrease of car emission rates. Nevertheless‚ taxes on car sales‚ differentiated by vehicles’ size and fuel‚ have also influenced car emission patterns. This paper analyses the compliance trend of the Brazilian fleet with environmental standards
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STRATEGIC APPROACH TO REDUCING VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN NIGERIA: ROLE OF FLEET OPERATORS. BEING A LECTURE PRESENTED BY ENGR. BG IBRAHIM fwc ACM (SED) AT SAFETY MANAGERS TRAINING PROGRAMME AT FRSC ACADEMY‚ JOS ON THE 28TH AUGUST‚2009. INTRODUCTION 1. In developed and developing countries‚ the history of air pollution problem has typically been high levels of smoke and sulphur dioxide arising from the combustion of sulphur-containing fossil fuels such as coal for domestic and industrial purpose
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Stimulated Emission of Radiation LASERS Laser Fundamentals • A laser is a device that generates light by a process called STIMULATED EMISSION. • The acronym LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. • The light emitted from a laser is monochromatic. • Laser emit light that is highly directional. • The light from a laser is said to be coherent. Laser Operation: Excited State Energy Introduction Metastable State Spontaneous Energy Emission Stimulated
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2014). Under Kyoto Protocol‚ Emission Trading Scheme has been set up for the purpose of reducing greenhouse gases. It allows emission rights to be traded between countries to help governments meeting the gas emissions reduction target (Evans‚ 2012). However‚ how to report the value of emission rights held by public and private sectors has been a stubborn question to accounting regulation setting board. This article consists of three parts‚ in the first part‚ Emission Trading Scheme will be simply
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DATE: December 7‚ 2012 TO: Polluter Corp. FROM: SUBJECT: Emissions Allowances Facts: Polluter Corp‚ has recently spent $3 million to purchase emission allowances‚ with a vintage year of 2012‚ in order to meet the need for additional EAs in the fiscal years 2010-2014. They will also need to sell EAs‚ with a vintage year of 2016‚ in order to offset the costs of the purchase. It is to my understanding that the need for EAs arose because of the significant amount of greenhouse gases emitted by
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attempts to look at the way from the Australian government protect the environment by using different method includes legislation; signing international agreement and financial assistance to a wide range of environmental programs. The Australian Emissions Trading Scheme known as ETS or NETS is initiative legislation by the Federal government to protect our environment. The Rudd Government implement the ETS aims to adjust for the challenges of global climate change and it involves with a range of effective
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of environmental pollution in Europe and also elsewhere in the world. Every year European Union produces around 2 billion tone of waste materials and the number is getting 10% bigger every year. There is also a constant increase of carbon dioxide emissions that are a result of increasing consumption of energy and cars. Majority of European Union members is fighting with utmost and more and more frequent weather conditions‚ heat waves and floods‚ that have disastrous outcomes - economic and also for
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Global cost estimates of reducing carbon emissions through avoided deforestation Georg Kindermann*‚ Michael Obersteiner*‚ Brent Sohngen†‡‚ Jayant Sathaye§‚ Kenneth Andrasko¶‚ Ewald Rametsteiner*‚ Bernhard Schlamadinger ‚ Sven Wunder**‚ and Robert Beach†† *International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis‚ A-2361 Laxenburg‚ Austria; †Department of Agricultural‚ Environmental‚ and Development Economics‚ Ohio State University‚ Columbus‚ OH 43210; §Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory‚ Berkeley
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND CARBON TRADING: NEW AVENUES FOR ACTUARIES (Submitted By: Anupam Sharma‚ Deepa Gupta‚ Subhash Goyal‚ Swati Kwatra) Executive summary The increasing risk of Climate change can be measured by the fact that natural catastrophes in 2008 cost the global economy $225 billion‚ which is one of the costliest year in the history of Insurance business. It will have an impact on Insurance sector in terms of changing pattern of mortality‚ more frequent property claims etc. Climate change
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fuels‚ than free flowing traffic. This 2008 image shows traffic congestion in Delhi. Air pollution in India is a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning‚ fuel adulteration‚ vehicle emission and traffic congestion.[1][2] India has a low per capita emissions of greenhouse gases but the country as a whole is the third largest after China and the United States.[3] The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in 1981 to regulate air pollution and there have
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