Chap-04 B.V.Ramana August 30‚ 2006 10:13 Chapter 4 Calculus of Variations function of the independent variable y(x)‚ which is a function. Thus L{y(x)} = Y cn c2 A O c1 X B x2 x1 4.1 INTRODUCTION Calculus of variations deals with certain kinds of “external problems” in which expressions involving integrals are optimized (maximized or minimized). Euler and Lagrange in the 18th century laid the foundations‚ with the classical problems of determining a closed curve in the plane
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Available ONLINE www.vsrdjournals.com VSRD-MAP‚ Vol. 2 (5)‚ 2012‚ 166-173 Distillation of Water by Solar Energy 1Anirudh Biswas* and 2Ruby RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to design a water distillation system that can purify water from nearly any source‚ a system that is relatively cheap‚ portable‚ and depends only on renewable solar energy. From the results of project calculations a truthful estimate was made to prototype the most effective geometries
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Progress in solar PV technology: Research and achievement V.V. Tyagia‚ b‚ ‚ ‚ Nurul A.A. Rahimb‚ N.A. Rahimb‚ Jeyraj A./L. Selvarajb a Department of Physics‚ Manav Rachna College of Engineering‚ Faridabad 121001‚ Haryana‚ India b UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC)‚ Level-4‚ Wisma R&D‚ University of Malaya‚ Kuala Lumpur 59990‚ Malaysia Abstract The development in solar PV technology is growing very fast in recent years due to technological improvement‚ cost reductions
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particular place.( IPCC Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001; editor:A.P.Baede) Climate change is a variation of average weather. There are 2 causes of climate change. The first is human activity which includes deforestation‚ burning fossil fuels‚ agriculture‚ transportation and infrastructure. The second is natural causes which include volcanic eruptions and variations in solar outputs. These causes have negative effect on the natural environment which leads to increasing of temperature
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concentrations will only delay climate changes due to carbon dioxide.[57] In addition to their direct effect by scattering and absorbing solar radiation‚ aerosols have indirect effects on the radiation budget.[58] Sulfate aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and thus lead to clouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These clouds reflect solar radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets‚ known as the Twomey effect.[59] This effect also causes droplets to be
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such as variations in solar radiation‚ deviations in the Earth ’s orbit‚ mountain-building and continental drift‚ and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate change feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish the initial forcing. Some parts of the climate system‚ such as the oceans and ice caps‚ respond slowly in reaction to climate forcings‚ while others respond more quickly.1
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Technical report on global warming WJR Alexander Professor Emeritus‚ Department of Civil and Biosystems Engineering‚ University of Pretoria‚ South Africa. Email alexwjr@iafrica.com 23 November 2005 I have just completed my technical report An assessment of the likely consequences of global warming on the climate of South Africa. (The extended summary of the report is now available. It consists of 92 pages‚ 14 tables‚ 16 figures and 50 references.) The conclusion is that there are no scientifically
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Solar Panel Name: Waqar Ali (12ME114) 3rd year Mechanical Engineering Mehran University Of Engineering Technology. INTRODUCTION: Solar Panel are designed to absorb rays from sun. Solar Energy is main source of energy‚ it is renewable energy that will never never lost. So we should utilize this great energy source. There are various ways we can use this solar energy for example: we can produce electrical energy which will be use to operate electrical things‚ this is one time expense
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from decades to millions of years. It may be change in weather conditions or distribution of weather around the average condition. Climate change is caused by factors such as oceanic process (e.g. oceanic circulation) ‚ biotic processes ‚ variation in solar radiation ‚ volcanic eruption ‚ plate tectonic and human activities. Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observation models and theoretical models. Floral and faunal record‚ glacial and periglacial process
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Throughout the world the issue of global warming has become an increasingly important issue. Global warming has been an issue that has been heatedly debated for many years. Scientists all over the world have been debating weather global warming actually exists. If it exists some scientists believe it is natural. While others believe it is caused by humans. Global warming is defined as an average increase in temperature in the atmosphere near the earths surface and in the troposphere. Which can
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