Protein that binds to a specific single molecule‚ enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule. i.e. The muscles of a person exercising can not contract without receptor proteins and signal molecules that tell the muscles when to contract and when to relax. Second Messenger Signal molecule produced in response to the binding of a chemical signal. Acts as a signal molecule in the cytoplasm. Signal Molecule Carries information throughout the body and to other cells. Ion Channel
Premium Protein Signal transduction
endocrine functions Pancreas‚ gonads‚ placenta Other tissues and organs that produce hormones Adipose cells‚ thymus‚ and cells in walls of small intestine‚ stomach‚ kidneys‚ and heart Chemical Messengers Hormones: long-distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph Autocrines: chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them Paracrines: locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them Autocrines and paracrines are local chemical messengers;
Premium Hypothalamus Endocrine system Hormone
The mTOR Pathway Introduction The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism‚ growth‚ proliferation and survival. Discoveries that have been made over the last decade show that the mTOR pathway is activated during various cellular processes (e.g. tumor formation‚ insulin resistance‚ adipogenesis and T-lymphocyte activation) and is deregulated in human diseases such as cancer
Premium Signal transduction Protein
Cell Size Control David A Guertin‚ Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research‚ Cambridge‚ Massachusetts‚ USA David M Sabatini‚ Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research‚ Cambridge‚ Massachusetts‚ USA Growth in biological systems is defined as the accumulation of mass‚ which leads to an increase in size. In this article‚ we discuss how cells‚ organs‚ and organisms normally control growth‚ and how deregulated growth can lead to a variety of pathological conditions. Introductory article Article
Free Cell Eukaryote Cell division
Chapter 12 Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are regulatory proteins that assist in the cell cycle. Particular protein kinases give the go-ahead signals at G1 and G2 checkpoints. These protein kinases are present at a constant concentration in the cell but are inactive unless in the presence of cyclin‚ these are cyclin dependent kinases. The activity of a cdk rises and falls with the concentration of cyclin. Cyclin levels rise during the S and G2 phases then fall abruptly in the M phase
Premium DNA Signal transduction Protein
instead keep track of what otherwise is going on in cell ’s environment. They may be enzymes or serve to relay the occurrence of signal reception in other ways such as by opening up ion channels. Receptor proteins are often targets for drug action. These drugs either stimulate the receptors upon binding or‚ instead‚ block the binding of receptor to normal signals. There are four principle protein targets with which drugs can interact: enzymes‚ membrane carriers‚ ion channels and receptors.
Premium Protein Signal transduction Cell membrane
GDF15/MIC-1 is a product of macrophage activation‚ suggesting that it may be involved in chronic inflammatory processes (-). GDF15 is a stress-responsive member of the TGF-β superfamily and initially described as macrophage inhibitory cytokine (-). Although GDF15 has been described in many solid tumors for almost 10 years‚ the nature of its receptor is still unknown. There is some evidence of Smad signaling pathway activation‚ suggesting GDF15 may act through TGF-β receptor superfamily pathways (-)
Premium Cancer DNA Protein
Chemotaxis‚ the guided movement of cells by chemical gradients created by chemoattractant proteins‚ such as chemokines and bacterial products produced at the site of inflammation‚ probably emerged early in eukaryotic evolution {Kay‚ 2008 #3289}. Neutrophils are highly mobile cells that readily undergo chemotaxis. Neutrophils can detect as low as 1/100th of a chemokine gradient. They polarize their migration towards bacterial peptides over a pool of other chemical gradients to reach sites of inflammation
Premium Immune system Bacteria Protein
5 Computational Virtual Screening Towards Designing Novel Anticancer Drugs Po-Yuan Chen1‚2 1Department of Biological Science and Technology‚ China Medical University‚ Taichung‚ Taiwan‚ 2Brain Research Centre‚ University of British Columbia‚ Vancouver‚ 1Republic of China 2Canada 1. Introduction Generally speaking‚ Docking is most popular and critical issue in this research field‚ because it contains most important information both Ligands (Drugs) and Receptors (it can be intracellular protein
Premium Cancer Drug discovery Apoptosis
Physiology Linder Unit 1 Possible Essay Questions Chapter 1 1. Describe the concept of homeostasis. Explain how negative feedback and positive feedback loops effect the homeostatic condition. Use examples to explain your answer. Homeostasis can be described as maintaining a relatively internal environment even though the external environment is variable. Negative feedback loops effect the homeostatic condition by controlling it by bringing you back to your set point
Premium Signal transduction Protein DNA replication