deductive) CH2 Matter and mass Element (substance that cannot be broken down into further substances) Atom (smallest unit of an element) – subatomic particles (neutrons‚ protons‚ electrons) Compound (2 or more) Atomic number - # of protons Atomic mass = # of neutrons and protons Ion – total number of electrons doesn’t equal # of protons (anion gained electrons‚ cation lost electrons) Electron shells‚ orbitals‚ valency‚ rule of 8 Bonds = ionic‚ covalent (polar‚ nonpolar)‚ hydrogen‚ Van der walls
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readily give up hydrogen ions‚ or protons: H+. Protons can be released from hydrated ions‚ for example H3O+‚ but more commonly they are released from ionisable hydroxyl groups (R-OH) where the O-H bond is broken to produce R-O- and H+. When the reactant receives protons from an acid it undergoes a conformational change‚ (change in shape and configuration)‚ and becomes a reactive intermediate. The intermediate can then either become an isomer by returning a proton to the catalyst‚ or it may undergo
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light energy and pumps a proton across the cytoplasmic membrane. Therefore‚ transfer of these cells from growth under high-aeration to oxygen-limiting growth conditions triggers bacteriorhodopsin synthesis and its insertion into their cytoplasmic membranes (Schulten 1978). Through the activity of bacteriorhodopsin‚ as protons accumulate on the outer surface of the membrane‚ a proton motive force is generated that is coupled to ATP synthesis through the activity of a proton-translocating ATPase‚ which
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Yafaa Chaudhary PHYSICS 5 NOTES Physics 5 3.5.1 Radioactivity Evidence for the nucleus Qualitative study for the Rutherford scattering. Rutherford directed a narrow beam of α-particles‚ all of the same kinetic energy‚ in an evacuated container at a thin gold film‚ in order to identify the structure of an atom: The α-particles need to be of the same kinetic energy otherwise slow α-particles would be deflected more than faster α-particles on the same initial path. The container needs to be evacuated
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SCIENCE EXAM NOTES Organ Systems CELL - Cell Membrane : surrounds the cytoplasm in the plant cell and surrounds the cell in the animal cell - Cell Wall : surrounds Cell - Chloroplast : type of organelle in the plant cell ; Conducts photosynthesis - Golgi Apparatus : modifies‚ sorts‚ and packages proteins and other materials from the cellular endoplasmic reticulum - Mitochondrion : produces energy - Nucleus : regulates all cell activity - Nucleolus : contains the DNA of a cell - Vacuole
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Discussion: In this experiment a ketone‚ 9-fluorenone is reduced to and alcohol. The are two possible ways by which this reduction can occur. One is by a catalytic hydrogenation‚ this uses a catalyst such as palladium or nickel‚ hydrogen gas‚ and heat/pressure. This can reduced an alkane to alkene. This catalytic process is preferred in industrial practices because the cost is low in the long run and more importantly there is little to no waste expense. However‚ hydrogen gas is dangerous due to
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attract electrons. Since electronegativity depends highly on an atom’s atomic radius in relation to the number of protons present in its nucleus‚ Chlorine was seen to have the highest reactivity because it had the smallest atomic radius in comparison to how many protons it contains in the nucleus of one atom. Since the radius was smaller‚ it was able to attract electrons from the positive protons in its nucleus with a higher force‚ and therefore have a higher reactivity
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Amanda Bynes 2.1 assessment p.5 pg. 38 October 1st 1a. Describe the structure of an atom -Proton‚ neutron‚ electron 1b. An atom of calcium contains 20 protons. How many electrons does it have? -20 2b. Compare the structure of carbon-12 and carbon-13 -Carbon-12 has 6 protons‚ 6 electrons and 6 neutrons. Carbon-14 has 6 protons‚ 6 electrons and 8 neutrons. 4a. What are two types of bonds that hold the atoms within a compound together? -Ionic
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positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons an electron cloud of negatively charged electrons An atom is a neutral particle containing an equal number of protons and electrons Molecule: a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds Ion: an atom that has a positive or negative charge cation: lost electrons; takes on a positive charge (more protons than electrons) anion: gained electrons; takes on a negative charge (more electrons than protons) Chemical Bonds: form
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Chapter 1: Technical Measurement and Vector 5. Newton’s law of universal gravitation is represented by [pic] where F is the gravitational force‚ M and m are masses‚ and r is a length. Force has the SI units kg ∙ m/s2. What are the SI units of the proportionality constant G? 8. The speed of light is now defined to be 2.99 7924 58 × 108 m/s. Express the speed of light to (a) three significant figures‚ (b) five significant figures‚ and (c) seven significant figures. 15. A rectangular
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