Part B Small Scale Literature Review Running Head: Factors Affecting Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger Factors Affecting Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger Ong Chia Swing‚ Student. Nilai University 1. Introduction Citric acid is a natural preservative or conservative that is used to add an acidic‚ sour taste to foods and beverages. In the context of biochemistry‚ the conjugate base of citric acid which is the citrate plays an important role as an intermediate in the citric
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ix. Nupe Kingdom x. Oyo Kingdom xi. Songhai Empire xii. Warri Kingdom The name Nigeria was suggested by a British Journalist Flora Shaw in the 1890s. She referred to the area as Nigeria‚ after the Niger River‚ which dominates much of the country’s landscape. The word Niger is Latin for black. Nigeria has over 250 ethnic groups‚ which the three major and internationally recognized are Hausa‚ Yoruba‚ and Igbo. Other smaller groups include the Fulani‚ Ijaw‚ Kanuri‚ Ibibio‚ Tiv‚ and Edo
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Lake Chad: almost gone Straddling the borders of Chad‚ Niger and Cameroon in West Africa‚ Lake Chad has been a source of freshwater for irrigation projects in each of these countries. Maps drawn from a series of satellite images show a dramatic decrease in the size of the lake over the past 30 years. Since 1963‚ the lake has shrunk to nearly a twentieth of its original size‚ due both to climatic changes and to high demands for agricultural water. Since 1963‚ the surface area of Lake Chad has decreased
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INTRODUCTION The Niger Delta of Nigeria is among the richest deltas in the world. Other major deltas are either famous for crude oil and natural gas (Amazon in Brazil‚ Orionoco in Venezuela‚ Mississippi in the U.S.A.‚ Mahakarn in Indonesia) or grow mainly rice (e.g. Indus in Pakistan‚ Ganges in Bangladesh‚ Mekong in Vietnam). The Niger Delta however has huge oil and gas reserves and ranks as the world’s sixth largest exporter of crude oil and the second largest producer of palm oil‚ after Malaysia
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INTRODUCTION Isolation of Aspergillus niger from garden soil for the production of amylase enzyme and effect of various parameters on enzyme‚ production is the main aim of this study. Enzymes are protein catalysts synthesized by living systems and are important in synthetic as well as degradative process. Amylases are starch degradative enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of internal a-1‚ 4-0-glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch in to simple sugar (glucose and maltose). It is produced
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Desertification in Niger World Regional Geography Desertification in Niger is a very progressive threat that is affecting not only the nation but also other neighboring regions along the Sahel. The Director of the National Department of the Environment in Niger said at the Direct Seeding seminar in Zinder that 250‚000 hectares (roughly 618 acres) are being lost each year in Niger through desertification (Eden et al‚ 1994). Desertification is the degradation of land in arid‚ semi-arid‚ and
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Ocean in the vessels of merchant mariners. Major trade between Islam and Africa started around the turn of the millenium. trade routes were long established‚ such as Gao‚ a terminus of caravan routes across the Sahara that offered access to the Niger River valley‚ which was a flourishing market for copper‚ ironware‚ cotton‚ salt‚ and grain. The principal state of west Africa at the time was the kingdom of Ghana. Integration onto trans-Saharan trade networks brought enormous wealth and considerable
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INTRODUCTION Trade across the Sahara goes back at least one thousand years before the beginning of our period- perhaps many thousands of years. People often speak and write of ‘Africa South of the Sahara’ as if the Sahara was a frontier that divided Africa. On the contrary‚ the Sahara‚ at all periods‚ has provided highways for Africans to cross; it is more of a bridge than a barrier‚ even though there is a sharp drop both in altitude and life-supporting conditions from the Atlas into the Sahara
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Tuareg PRONUNCIATION: TWAH-reg LOCATION: Saharan and Sahelian Africa (mostly Niger‚ Mali‚ Algeria‚ Libya‚ and Burkina Faso) POPULATION: About 1 million LANGUAGE: Tamacheq RELIGION: Islam‚ combined with traditional beliefs and practices 1 • INTRODUCTION The Tuareg are an Islamic African people. They are classified as seminomadic ‚ meaning that they travel with their herds on a seasonal basis but also have a home area where they grow some food crops. The Tuareg are best known for the men’s practice
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The traditional homeland of the lgbo people lies in the south-eastern region of Nigeria. The geographical location of Igboland lies between the great River Niger and Cross Rivers State‚ with the Ibibio‚ Ijo‚ Igala‚ Idoma‚ and Edo as their neighbours. The ancient settlement at Igbo-Ukwu in Eastern Nigeria was an outpost for West African’s long-distance trade routes‚ one of which was the Trans-Saharan trade routes. The main items traded were gold‚ slaves‚ salt‚ cowry shells (the major unit of currency)
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