EXPERIMENT NO. 2 Aim: To study the construction and working of various boiler mountings and accessories. Theory: A boiler is defined as a closed vessel in which steam is produced from water by combustion of fuel. Also defined as “A combination of apparatus for producing‚ furnishing‚ or recovering heat together with the apparatus for transporting the heat so made available to the fluid being heated and vaporized.” Classification of Boilers : The boilers may be classified according to following
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components: speed sensors‚ a pump‚ valves‚ and a controller. The speed sensors‚ which are located at each wheel‚ provide the ABS with the information of when the wheel is about to lock up. There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems the valve is located in three different positions. In the first position‚ the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is transferred right through to the brake. In the second position‚ the valve blocks the line‚ which isolates
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has become a long-term important job to supervise and control the operation state of oil depots.This paper designs a supervisory and control system for a oil depot in Shandong Province. This oil depot collected tank information and controlled valves manually before. There were some shortcomings in it such as slow supervisory‚ great error and low reliability. So it is necessary to establish a better supervisory and control system that is timely‚ accurate and reliable. Programmable logic controllers
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Directional control valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Pressure valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Flow valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Non-return valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Cylinders
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HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT David E. Keyser Applications Coordinator Keith Hogan OEM Sales MICO‚ Inc. 1911 Lee Boulevard North Mankato‚ MN U.S.A. 56003-2507 Fax: +1 507 625 3212 Tel: +1 507 625 6426 ABSTRACT This paper will identify some prerequisites for brake actuation circuit design‚ describe three basic types of brake actuation circuitry‚ and will point out some common problems to be avoided in brake actuation circuit design for off-highway
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A fermenter is an apparatus that maintains optimal conditions for the growth of microorganisms. The main function of the fermenter is to provide a controlled environment for the growth of a pure culture or of a defined mixture of microorganisms or animal cell to obtain the desired product. Different parts of fermenter:- 1) Fermenter Vessel: A suitable vessel is used to carry out the whole fermentation process. The vessel is capable of being operated aseptically and meet the containment
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loss in different diameters pipes‚ joints and valves Theory Pipe flows belong to a broader class of flows‚ called internal flows‚ where the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. In contrast‚ in external flows‚ such as flow over a flat plate or an airplane wing‚ only part of the flow is bounded by a solid surface. The term pipe flow is generally used to describe flow through round pipes‚ ducts‚ nozzles‚ sudden expansions and contractions‚ valves and other fittings. When a gas or a liquid
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AIR DRIVEN ENGINE ABSTRACT: The Air Driven Engine is an eco-friendly engine which operates with compressed air. An Air Driven Engine uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons of an engine An Air Driven Engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding compressed air. There is no mixing of fuel with air as there is no combustion. An Air Driven Engine makes use of Compressed Air Technology for its operation The Compressed Air Technology
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happens when the exhaust valve is open and the intake valve is closed. Piston movement moves out and the exhaust gases into the air. As the piston reaches the bottom dead center during the combustion stroke the combustion is finished and the cylinder is full with the exhaust gases. The exhaust valve then opens‚ and the flywheel and all the other moving parts moves the piston back to top dead center. All of the moving exhaust gases goes out through the open exhaust valve. At the end of the exhaust
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STEAM TURBINES A steam turbine is a prime mover which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. In a conventional steam turbines cycle‚ water is used as the working fluid. The water is heated in a boiler by burning fuel. It evaporates into steam which is expanded in a turbine where mechanical power is generated. The steam generated is of high temperature and high pressure. The temperature is often in the 450 to 540 degrees centigrade range. The pressure ranges between 60 and 120 bar. The
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