Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (1999) 19‚ 81–104. Printed in the USA. Copyright © 1999 Cambridge University Press 0267-1905/99 $9.50 PRAGMATICS AND SLA Gabriele Kasper and Kenneth R. Rose INTRODUCTION Pragmatics has two roles in SLA: It acts as a constraint on linguistic forms and their acquisition‚ and it represents a type of communicative knowledge and object of L2 learning in its own right. The first role of pragmatics is evident in functionalist (Tomlin 1990) and interactionist
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Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and linguistics‚ but has no autonomous domain of its own.[1][2] The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature‚ but not exclusively "high literature" but also other forms of written texts such as text from the domains of advertising‚ pop culture‚ politics or religion.[3] Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices
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At it’s founding‚ international relations (IR) focused heavily on the role of imperialism in world politics. Imperialism generally refers to a practice or policy of preeminence or dominance with respect to foreign countries. Imperialism has long been associated with colonialism and the forceful acquisition of territories. Yet some scholars argue that a new form of imperialism has emerged where capitalist states use their powers to take advantage of weaker states both militarily and economically.
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LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS OVERVIEW • The origin of Language • Features of Language • Knowledge of Language • Linguistics • Branches of Linguistics • Approaches to Linguistic Studies • Schools of Linguistics THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE • The divine source • The natural sound source o Primitive words o Cuckoo‚ splash‚ rattle‚ hiss‚ buzz o “Bow-wow theory of language origin.” • The social interaction source • The physical adaptation source
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meaningful messages or receive and understand messages. ‘How is language organised in order to be meaningful?’ This is the question we ask and attempt to answer at the level of semantics. Semantics is that level of linguistic analysis where meaning is analysed. It is the most abstract level of linguistic analysis‚ since we cannot see or observe meaning as we can observe and record sounds. Meaning is related very closely to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try to analyse meaning
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Linguistics‚ though one of the youngest behavioral sciences‚ has a background extending over several millennia. During this period scholars with various interests have concerned themselves with language. Some of the most readable treatises on language were produced by the Greeks and Romans‚ such as Plato’s Cratylus and Quintilian’s advice to an orator. Much of our terminology was devised in the course of this earlier concern. Any of introductions to linguistic cannot‚ therefore‚ limit itself to one
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Linguistics III Set 1: Cross linguistic influence and learner language Psychological principles of SLA form the foundation stones for building a comprehensible understanding of the acquisition of the linguistic system. The studies was centered on the contrasts between the native lang and the target lang (contrastive analysis) and the effect of the native on the target lang (cross linguistic influence). 1-The contrastive analysis Hypothesis It’s the study of two languages in contrast. Based on
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The Linguistic imperialism of Robert Phillipson 1. Linguistic Imperialism 1.1 The spread of English The stated aim of Phillipson’s 1992 book Linguistic Imperialism was to set out how English became so dominant and why‚ and to examine the role ELT pedagogy had in contributing to it becoming “the international language par excellence in which the fate of most of the worlds millions is decided.” (Phillipson 1992 p.6) While many writers had tackled the question before no one had done so from
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Language plays an important role in human life. One tries to acquire‚ learn and use language as a means of communication‚ and simultaneously as social symbol of humanity. It forms the foundation of our perceptions‚ communications‚ and daily interactions. By using language someone could make statements‚ convey facts and knowledge explain or report something‚ and keep social relations among the language users. It is a system of symbols by which we categorize‚ organize‚ and clarify our thinking. Language
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Imperialism has caused many different outcomes in the world; some of which were positive‚ and some were negative. In this particular source‚ Ludwig von Mises is stating that imperialism has caused a trail of damaging events‚ and that these events have been so harmful that they must never be forgotten nor justified. As a result of this‚ the question being raised is whether the acts that came from imperialism were beneficial and important to society or not. Imperialism to Mises was a negative form
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