individual is in or “crime refers to those actives that break the law of the land and are subject to official punishment.” (Haralambos and Holborn 2008). Deviance is closely related to crime but refers more to the cause of such crimes “deviance consists of those acts which do not follow the norms and expectations of a particular social group” (Haralambos and Holborn 2008). This essay will be discussing both crime and deviance in relations to the causes of this‚ specially biological theories which suggest
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deviance concept depends very much on what is that society defines as normal at the time‚ for that reason deviance can be “any type of behaviour that is not considered as normal‚ and moves away from customs and expectations of society” (Haralambos & Holborn‚ 2008). Therefore‚ the concept of deviance is socially constructed. However‚ crime and deviance are concepts that can easily overlap each other‚ because all criminal acts are often seen as deviant‚ but not all deviant acts are considered crimes (Langley
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adults and encourage a monogamous relationship which prevents social disruption in the society. The family supports reproduction of children that form the next generation of people in the society without which society would be extinct (Haralambos & Holborn‚
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changing the governing officials and the social mechanism which permits the largest possible part of the population to influence major decisions by choosing among political contenders for political office. Abraham Lincoln as cited in Haralambos and Holborn (1995) defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. Bureaucracy is defined by Schaefer (2003) as a component of formal organisation in which rules and hierarchal ranking are used to achieve efficiency. The focus
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is the way it is. American Anthropologist‚ Ralph Linton states that‚ ‘The culture of a society is the way of life of its members‚ the collection of ideas and habits which they learn‚ share and transmit from generation to generation’ (Haralambos & Holborn‚ 2008‚ p.2). There are various other ways in which to define culture‚ with many
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prerequisites or basic needs that are essential to enable society to function healthily. These basic needs are called ”functional prerequisites” (Haralambos and Holborn 2004 p.937). These prerequisites are defined by Haralambos and Holborn (2004) as factors that without which‚ would lead to the “breakdown or termination of society” (Haralambos and Holborn 2004 p.937).Functionalists believe that along with functional prerequisites‚ a general consensus of norms‚ values and traditions must be taught and learned
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CONCEPTUALIZES THE PHENOMENON OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION. Social stratification refers to the presence of distinct social groups which are ranked one above the other in terms of factors such as prestige and wealth (Haralambos & Holborn‚ 2004). Those who belong to a particular group or stratum will have some awareness of common interests and a common identity. They also share a similar lifestyle which‚ to some extent‚ will distinguish them from members of other social strata (Lenski
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belief and value systems‚ are known as the superstructure‚ and these are influenced and shaped by the infrastructure. This means that any significant changes in the infrastructure will result in similar changes with the superstructure (Haralambos & Holborn 1995:10). Conflict theorists see social change within a capitalist society as being intentional and brought about by well-informed members of society (Bilton‚ Bonnett‚ Jones‚ Skinner‚ Stanworth & Webster 1996:86). This occurs when the proletariats
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Bibliography: Andersen‚ L Margaret‚ and F Howard Taylor. Sociology: The Essentials‚ The Sixth Edition. Belmont‚ CA: Wadsworth‚ Cengage Learning‚ 2011. Haralambos‚ Michael‚ and Martin Holborn. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives‚ Seventh Edition. London: HarperCollins‚ 2008. Henslin‚ James M. Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Boston MA: Allyn & Bacon‚ 2012. Macionis‚ John. Sociology‚ Seventh Edition. New York: Prentice Hall‚ 2003. Mustapha
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1. Medicalization is defined as being “the way in which increasing areas of social life are seen as falling under the remit of doctors” (Haralambos & Holborn‚ 2008:280). In modern society‚ where science is used to explain and define everything‚ it comes as no surprise that a simple problem‚ such as shyness or embarrassment‚ which can be dealt with by using other means is given a medical term and is dealt with through medical means. A simple and temporary infection such as the flu‚ which could be
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