of the patent owner. The patent owner still enjoys the rights over patent .He is paid by the Licensee some amount as a royalty for his patent. The TRIPS Agreement list a number of conditions for issuing compulsory licenses. 1. Normally the person or company applying for a license has to have tried to negotiate a voluntary license with the patent holder on reasonable commercial terms. If that fails compulsory license can be issued. 2. When a compulsory license has been issued‚ the patent owner
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the type of organisms are nearly the same‚ but a new gene is placed into an embryo prior to birth. This new technology is to produce organisms with benefits for humans. When this is inserted into the embryo successfully‚ all of the tissues and cells of the new modified organism will contain the foreign gene‚ even their germ cells‚ so these organisms will be able to pass these wanted genes to the possible offspring. By inserting these new genes‚ many issues such as health care can be addressed. Animals
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extremely useful. Through the genetic altering of plants and crops‚ scientists have been able to manipulate their genes to withstand lower temperatures‚ to resist herbicides and insects‚ and to even extending shelf life of some particular products (Gert 1). This technology has made farmers more prosperous‚ as well as given the population more food that will last longer. In medicine‚ “a patent has already been applied for to mix human embryo cells with those from a monkey or ape to create an animal that
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Transgenic Animals: Ethical Issues and Benefits to Human Welfare Nowadays‚ breakthroughs in molecular biology are happening at an unprecedented rate. One of them is the ability to engineer transgenic animals‚ i.e.‚ animals that carry genes from other species. The technology has already produced transgenic animals such as mice‚ rats‚ rabbits‚ pigs‚ sheep‚ and cows. Although there are many ethical issues surrounding transgenesis‚ this article focuses on the basics of the technology and its applications
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because such decisions can be challenged in a court of law. So‚ we have to be prepared to face the outcomes and sustain the decision.” The panel‚ chaired by R K Jain‚ additional secretary in the health ministry‚ suggested invoking Section 92 of the patent law for these three medicines. This section allows the government to grant a compulsory licence “in circumstances of national emergency or in circumstances of extreme urgency or in case of public non-commercial use”. Once the government invokes
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has been genetically engineered for pre-selected traits‚ varying from lowering the risk of genetic disorders to gender selection. Parents currently are not able to screen their future babies for genes involving hair color‚ athletic ability‚ or intelligence yet‚ however‚ companies such as “23andme” have patents on these tests for when they are developed in the future. ( Embryo screening involves a process called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Embryos are created by in-vitro fertilization
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MEDICAL USES Diagnostic Biotechnology Uses Biotechnology plays a vital part in the diagnostic science‚ as it uses our knowledge of both DNA and genes to help determine the following. Determine the sex of an unborn baby Prenatal Screening‚ such as screening for Down syndrome. New-born Screening‚ used to pick up diseases such as HIV Presymptomatic testing for adult onset disorders‚ this includes testing for familial high blood cholesterol. Conformational testing for diagnosis of symptomatic
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States Secretary of Agriculture. Some seventy years later‚ inspired by Henry Wallace‚ a new field of science was formed: Biotechnology. Biotechnology uses a process called genetic engineering to alter DNA. The alteration of DNA and insertion of genes can cause certain desired traits to be expressed in plants. The Collins English Dictionary defines genetic engineering as‚ “(Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Genetics) alteration of the DNA of a cell for purposes of research‚ as a means of
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companies out there are conducting research that allows them to access an embryo’s genetic material and find out what genetic traits the child will inherit. According to the Food and Drug Administration one such company‚ called 23andme‚ has been awarded a patent that allows them to exclusively sell this research to everyday people so that they may find out how their baby will turn out. II.
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Genetically Modified Organisms and the Hungry World For hundreds of years‚ humans have selectively bred and crossbred animals and plants to create or eliminate specific characteristics to produce a wider range of crops‚ animals and livestock. Genetic technology has become very common in our world today. Therefore‚ the possibility of altering plants and specifically crops for food supply raises many ethical and possible health issues which need to be explored. For example‚ the technical aspects
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