Contents and supplementary information for: Principles of Gene Manipulation Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Gene manipulation: an all-embracing technique Basic techniques - (POGC02.pdf‚ 1‚560KB) Cutting and joining DNA molecules Basic biology of plasmid and phage vectors Cosmids‚ phasmids and other advanced vectors Cloning strategies Additional updated information on Cloning strategies Sequencing and mutagenesis Cloning in bacteria
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and Gene Expression Microarrays (1) What is gene expression? What can affect gene expression? • When a gene is used to build an mRNA copy (transcription) which is then used to guide the synthesis of a protein (translation)‚ the gene has been “expressed”. Thus the term gene expression refers to anytime a gene is “turned on”‚ leading to the synthesis of the protein it codes for. • Gene expression can be affected by mutations or environmental factors. Thus the expression of genes is not
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Definition: Epistasis is the term applied when one gene interferes with the expression of another (as in the baldness/widow ’s peak mentioned earlier). Bateson reported a different phenotypic ratio in sweet pea than could be explained by simple Mendelian inheritance. This ratio is 9:7 instead of the 9:3:3:1 one would expect of a dihybrid cross between heterozygotes. Of the two genes (C and P)‚ when either is homozygous recessive (cc or pp) that gene is epistatic to (or hides) the other. To get purple
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Dominant – expression that is always expressed when its gene recessive - An expression that is expressed only when its allele is the only form of the gene present in the genotype. incomplete dominance - Neither allele is dominant to the other‚ thus each is expressed in the heterozygous genotype producing an intermediate phenotype. EX. Red (RR) and White (R’R’) snapdragons produce pink (RR’). epistasis - A condition in which one gene pair has the ability to mask or prevent the expression of another
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all this is circling on the foundation of the field itself that is gene. Gene is a part‚ a tiny piece of genetic material in a code and world-widely known as DNA. In other words‚ it is the functional unit of heredity and acts as instruction to make molecules in later process which is protein that dictates cell function. Every person has two copies of each gene - inherited from each parent and they are located on chromosomes. The genes cannot be used unless they
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Siegfried and Nusslein- Volhard concentrate more on the effect of germ line in zebrafish. Germ line is required for female sex determination but not male sex determination. Deletion of germ line results to the high expression of sox9a and amh indicating testes formation. However‚ ovary specific gene Cyp19a1a and foxL2 were found to be down regulated in germ line deficient gonads. This indicates that oocytes influence female sex determination by either inhibiting sertoli cells or maintaining granulosa cells
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known as “jumping genes” demonstrate how mutations may not be random because these genes that “jump” insert themselves into active genes to adapt and change to the environment. Whole sequences of DNA would move into active genes and they were not completely random because some genes would move to a certain part of the genome multiple times to have an advantageous effect. It is as if these genes deliberately wanted to be mutated in order to survive and adapt. These active genes cut and insert themselves
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factor 4 (fgf4)‚ which was recently acquired through retro gene encoding‚ is one of the chief reasons behind the production of chondrodysplasia in dogs. b. Development of what part of the
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GAL4-GFP enhancer trap system It’s a system for GAL4 targeted gene expression. An enhancer trap vector bearing a modified GAL4-VP16 gene was inserted randomly into the Arabidopsis genome by Agro bacterium mediated transformation. Cell specific activation of the GAL4-VP16 gene by cellular enhancer results in activation of a linked GFP gene‚ allowing simple characterization of expression patterns. Targeted expression of another gene (X) can be induced by genetic crossing. (Haseloff) Fig1. Shows
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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS Topic 1: Mendel’s Genetics | 1. |Offspring that are the result of mating between two genetically different kinds of parents--the opposite of purebred. |hybrid | | 2. |The study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. This is the branch |genetics | | |of science that deals with the inheritance of biological characteristics.
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