predicted by Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSPER) theory. The following are the sets of rules summarizing thsi theory: ● Consider molecules and ions where two or more atoms are bonded to a central atom. ● The electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom are assumed to position as far apart as possible because electron pair repels one another. The shape of the molecule or ion is a result of the electron-pair repulsion. ● All the valence-shell electron pairs of the central atom
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Flame colours are produced from the movement of the electrons in the metal ions present in the compounds. For example‚ a sodium ion in an unexcited state has the structure 1s22s22p6. When you heat it‚ the electrons gain energy and can jump into any of the empty orbitals at higher levels - for example‚ into the 7s or 6p or 4d or whatever‚ depending on how much energy a particular electron happens to absorb from the flame. Because the electrons are now at a higher and more energetically unstable
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Free Electron model can. Explains the effects of the temperature‚ impurities‚ and deformation on Electrical Conductivity in which the Drude Model can’t explain. List two aspects of materials behaviour that the Drude and QFE models can’t explain but that Band Theory can. The Band Theory can explain why the outer electrons become delocalised and the semi conductivity. [2 marks for each part] 2 Using the Drude model‚ for platinum‚ calculate the number of delocalised electrons per
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increase the voltage of our product. The zinc can produce electricity because of the chemical reaction it occurs when it is soaked in vinegar’s acetic acid‚ the zinc is dissolved to produce hydrogen gas; while the copper’s use is only to move the electrons throughout the entire circuit and connect it to the battery powered object. The main idea we took on our research and personal experiences is that when more batteries are connected‚ more voltage are produced. Our design is to connect one container
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Chapters 7&8 Gauge Sheet 7.1- Ions To find the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element‚ simply look at its group number. Atoms of metals tend to lose their valence electrons‚ leaving a complete octet in the next-lowest energy level. Atoms of some non-metals tend to gain electrons or to share with another non-metal to achieve a complete octet. The gain of negatively charged electrons by a neutral atom produces an anion. 7.2- Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds Although
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negative electrical charge is electrons. 3. A subatomic particle which is electrically neutral is neutrons. 4. The nucleus of an atom is made up of _protons_ and _neutrons. 5. The number of electrons forming a charge cloud around the nucleus is (pick one of the following) greater than; equal to; smaller than the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. 6. The atomic number of potassium (3919K) is_19_. This means that a potassium atom has _19 protons and 19_ electrons. 7. What is the atomic mass
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when atoms share electrons in order to gain stability with each other (Larsen). To have stability which each other‚ the atoms share electrons so that their outer electron shell is equal. Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions (Larsen‚ 2010). Element that have a positive ion are able to bond with elements with negative ions. This is because the elements share the electrons so that the ionization
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specific charge‚ i.e. charge to mass ratio ‚ of an electron using m Thomson’s bar magnet method. Basic methodology: Electrons in a CRT are deflected in the vertical direction by applying a potential between the vertical deflection plates of the CRT. A magnetic field perpendicular to the deflecting electric field is produced using a pair of bar magnets. The position of the magnets is adjusted so as to cancel the deflection of the electrons. The knowledge of the deflecting potential and the magnet
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nucleus of an atom making an atom an isotope. The neutron symbol is . Electrons are located outside the nucleus in energy levels. Electrons have a negative charge and weigh approximately 1/2000th of an amu. The weight is almost insignificant. Electrons can vary in an atom making cations and anions. Cations are a positive charge when an atom loses an electron. Anions are a negative charge when an atom gains an electron. These are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom and their characteristics
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Dynamics of electron packets and photocounts Vladimir Bykov* and Valentin Turin** *General Physics Institute‚ Russian Academy of Sciences‚ ul. Vaviova 38‚ Moscow‚ 1 17942 Russia‚ v.p.bykov@mtu-net.ru **Moscow Institute ofPhysics and Technology‚ voturin@pop3.mipt.rn ABSTRACT An alternative approach to the theory ofphotocounts is discussed. Mechanism of sharpening of electronic distribution at the expansion of many-electron packets is investigated. Arising of such inhomogeneities initiates
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