information gathered in “The Dangerous Morality of Managing Earnings‚” there are five generalizations in how to manage short term earnings. They are how managers manipulate records to benefit themselves or the company. It seems that there is no true uniformity in short term earnings and each felt that rules could be bent by manipulating operating procedures‚ accounting methods‚ deferring expenditures‚ budget target‚ or by changing the short term earnings in sales and expense was justifiable. Although
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Abstract A quality of earning assessment is a tool used by analyst to determine the correlation between accounting income and economic income. The techniques to analyze accounting income and economic income include: comparing accounting principles‚ reviewing changes in accounting principles‚ analyzing discretionary and warranty expenditures‚ understanding replacement cost of assets and managements and auditors opinion of the company. A quality of earnings assessment of PepsiCo is applied to
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1. What is earnings management? The companies use earnings management as a strategy by which they can easily control and manipulate their earnings to reach their pre-determined earning target. 2. Why do companies employ earnings management techniques? Accountants cannot predict every business structure‚ every new and innovative transaction. Therefore‚ they build up principles that allow for flexibility so that they can adapt to changing circumstances. However‚ people make use of that flexibility
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sources of fund is known as cost of capital. Cost of capital is only minimum required rate of return to earn on investment and it is not the actual earning rate of the firm. Retained earnings‚ used as a part of the capital structure of a business firm‚ is that part of the earnings available to common shareholders not paid out as dividends or the earnings plowed back into the firm for growth. As such‚ their cost to the firm is an opportunity cost. In other words‚ they could have paid the money out as
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Performance objectives are benchmarks of effective performance that describe the types of work activities students and affiliates will be involved in as trainee accountants. They also outline the values and attitudes trainees should demonstrate as they fulfil their practical experience requirements. Trainees are required to achieve 13 performance objectives in total – all nine Essentials performance objectives and any four Options performance objectives. Performance objectives are divided into nine
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SHARE CAPITAL Share capital is the Funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other considerations. The amount of share capital a company has can change over time because each time a business sells new shares to the public in exchange for cash‚ the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both common and preferred shares. Each share carrying a vote in the management of the business‚ managerial control may be limited. The authorized capital of a company is
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Abstract The Hershey Company‚ known until April 2005 as the Hershey Foods Corporation and commonly called Hershey ’s‚ is the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. Its headquarters are in Hershey‚ Pennsylvania‚ which is also home to Hershey ’s Chocolate World. It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company‚ a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company. Hershey ’s products are sold in about sixty countries worldwide. In addition‚ Hershey is a member of the World
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REPURCHASE OF SHARES In the past two decades‚ major U.S. corporations have increasingly repurchased significant amounts of their own common shares. The reasons for this development and its implications for the theory of share valuation and public policy‚ however‚ have been subject to numerous‚ and often conflicting‚ interpretations. The repurchase of shares is not legal under all codes of law; but in the countries where it is legal‚ it opens up a variety of opportunities for gains for the stockholders
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the quick ratio may be preferable to the current ratio because it eliminates inventory and prepaid expenses from this ratio for a more accurate gauge of a company ’s liquidity and ability to meet short-term obligations.) The current ratio for Hershey Company is 1.44 indicates the company’s ability to service short-term obligations is satisfactorily. However‚ the value of the quick ratio will provide a clearer indication of the company’s success in this area. Quick Ratio (Cash + Marketable
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Earnings Management and Its Implications Educating the Accounting Profession By Michael D. Akers‚ Don E. Giacomino‚ and Jodi L. Bellovary August 2007 Issue AUGUST 2007 - In the wake of continuing‚ highly publicized E-mail Story financial frauds and failures‚ the accounting profession has placed renewed emphasis on issues related to earnings Print Story management and earnings quality. The SEC and the public are demanding greater assurance about the quality of earnings. Staff Accounting Bulletin
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