Horizontal direct effect Horizontal direct effect is a legal doctrine developed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) whereby individuals can rely on the direct effect of provisions in the Treaties‚ which confer individual rights‚ in order to make claims against other private individuals before national courts. By virtue of the doctrine of the ‘direct effect’ of Treaty provisions‚ individuals can rely directly on EC law before their national courts. There is no need for implementation of EC law
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is any form of investment that earns interest in enterprises which function outside of the domestic territory of the investor. Foreign direct investment is that investment‚ which is made to serve the business interests of the investor in a company‚ which is in a different nation distinct from the investor’s country of origin Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment One of the advantages of foreign direct investment is that
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ABSTRACT Direct Billing System for Super Market Large grocery stores are nowadays used by millions of people for the acquisition of an enlarging number of products. Product acquisition represents a complex process that comprises time spent in corridors‚ product location and checkout queues. On the other hand‚ it is becoming increasingly difficult for retailers to keep their clients loyal and to predict their needs due to the influence of competition and the lack of tools that discriminate
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Chapter 1 4. Discuss examples of recent macro political risk events and the effect they have or might have on a foreign subsidiary. What are micro political risk events? Give some examples and explain how they affect international business. 5. What means can managers use to assess political risk? What do you think is there lative effectiveness of these different methods? At the time you are reading this‚what countries or areas do you feel have political risk sufficient to discourage you from doing
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Foreign Direct Investment You are the international manager of U.S. business that has just developed a revolutionary new personal computer that can perform the same functions as existing PCs but costs only half as much to manufacture. Several patents protect the unique design of this computer. Your CEO has asked you to formulate a recommendation for how to expand into Southeast Asia. Your options are (a) to export from the United States‚ (b) to license an Asian Firm to manufacture and market
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Avijit Minocha Direct Characterisation in "Perfume" by Patrick Suskind In the novel Perfume I was most struck by the author Patrick Suskind’s eloquence in use of techniques. His effective use of technique allows the reader to continuously gets better acquainted with the characters. The combination of direct characterization and cataloguing results in the reader being given a variety of descriptions that reinforces a single characteristic of the character. The author gives the reader “easy”
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Direct vs. Indirect Leadership The term leadership is a word taken from the common vocabulary and incorporated into the technical vocabulary‚ of a scientific discipline without being precisely redefined. As a consequence‚ it carries extraneous connotations that create ambiguity of meaning (Janda‚ 1960). Leadership has been described as the “process of social influence‚ in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task”. Social
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at the consulting firm Booz & Company said: “Now that so much of the market is consumers‚ they have been forced into places that traditionally they didn’t want to go‚ which is retail” (Koenig‚ 2008). Twice in this year has Dell stepped out of its direct business model. The first one is when Dell sealed with Officework and partnership with gizmo marked the second time. In the article named “Dell signs on gizmo to lend a helping hand‚” Mitchell (2008) mentions about how the strategy of alliance with
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across enough evidence of how that scheme is considered vile and unacceptable by the most needy themselves. What reconciles these two polar opposites is a mix of politics‚ misinformation and the legacy of decades of poor administration. India’s first direct cash transfer scheme – Delhi Annshri Yojana (DAY) – to be set in motion from 15th December is a very good example of this. Let me introduce the scheme before introducing Rukhsana‚ the typical beneficiary DAY aims to target. What is Delhi Annshri
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Roles of supervisor The direct supervisor is the individual who oversees the service activities and provides frontline staff with constant direction‚ assistance‚ and feedback. Support from supervisors may build nurse commitment. As organizational representatives‚ supervisors who strive to create favorable job conditions are likely to experience a reciprocal concern for the organizational wellbeing from nurses. In this way‚ the supervisors’ discretionary effort may be rewarded with engaged
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