involved‚ time and place of an utterance‚ etc. Syntax looks at the rules of a language‚ particularly how the various parts of sentences go together. While similar to morphology‚ which looks at how the smallest meaningful linguistic units‚ called morphemes‚ are formed into complete words‚ syntax examines how fully formed words fit together to create
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TRANSLATION: The process of turning an original or "source" text into a text in another language. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct translation techniques include: * Borrowing * Calque * Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation. For example software‚ funk. English
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belong to a limited range of types. (syntactic categories) The parts have specific roles or functions within the larger parts they belong to. (grammatical functions) Concept 1:Principle of constituency Sentence Clause Phrase Word Morpheme Constituents CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE The bus is coming. Uncle Jim is walking down the steps. I will take his bag. We can put his luggage in the boot. He looks very fit. CHAIN & CHOICE RELATIONSHIPS chain relationship (syntagmatic):
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SEMANTICS What is semantics? According to Fromkin et al. (2007)‚ semantics refers to "the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes‚ words‚ phrases‚ and sentences." Timyam (2010) further describes the term as "the study of meaning [or the analysis of meaning]; it is mainly concerned with the meanings of words and sentences‚ the meaning relationships‚ and the conceptual system underlying meaning. Subfields of semantics include lexical semantics‚ which involves the meanings at lexical level and
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Content words/Function words Henry Sweet in his famous grammar of 1891 (p.22)‚ writes: "In a sentence such as The earth is round‚ we have no difficulty in recognizing earth and round as ultimate independent sense-units ... Such words as the and is‚ on the other hand‚ though independent in form‚ are not independent in meaning: the and is by themselves do not convey any ideas‚ as earth and round do. We call such words as the and is form-words‚ because they are words in form only. When a form-word
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Modalit Contents 1. Introduction 2. Peculiarities of English modality 1. Modality 2. The linguistic expression of modality 3. Types of modality (according to Bybee) 4. Epistemic‚ deontic and dynamic modality 5. Flexibility of meaning 3. Practical part 3.1. English advertisements analysis 4. Conclusions 5. References 6. Summary in Lithuania 7. Appendix Introduction I chose “Modality
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SUBJECT ASSIGNMENT: APPROACHES TO LANGUAGE IN THE CLASSROOM CONTEXT GENERAL INFORMATION: The subject assignment consists of doing three short exercises. To do so‚ keep the activities statements and answer just below them. This assignment must be done in groups of two and has to fulfil the following conditions: Length: between 6 and 8 pages (without including cover‚ index or appendices –if there are any-). Type of font: Arial or Times New Roman. Size: 11. Line height: 1.5. Alignment: Justified
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THE NATURAL APPROACH Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition "Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules‚ and does not require tedious drill." "Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language – natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding." "The best methods are therefore those that supply ’comprehensible input’
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Describe the structure of language in terms of sound‚ meaning‚ and grammar. All languages have the same basic structural units. Phonemes are the basic units of sound in a language. Morphemes are the elementary units of meaning; some (such as I) are words‚ but most are elements such as prefixes (anti-) or suffixes (-ing).Grammar is the system of rules (mental rules‚ not those taught in English classes) that enable us to communicate
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Introduction The term “shift” commonly refers to changes which occur or may occur in the process of translating. As long as translating is a language use‚ the notion of shift belongs to the notion of linguistic performance as opposed to that of theories of competence. Although the term “shift” was initially adopted by Catford as “departures from formal correspondence in the process of from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT)‚ other scholars like Levy‚ Popovic‚ Blum-Kulka‚ Hatim‚ M. Shlesinger
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