Fig.2. Block diagram of Continuous PID Controller What the PID controller does is basically is to act on the variable to be manipulated through a proper combination of the three control actions that is the P control action‚ I control action and D control action. The P action is the control action that is proportional to the actuating error signal‚ which is the difference between the input and the feedback signal. The I action is the control action which is proportional to the integral of the actuating
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1.1 DEFINING POLYMERS Polymers are materials of very high molecular weight that are found to have multifarious applications in our modern society. They usually consist of several structural units bound together by covalent bonds [1‚2]. For example‚ polyethylene is a long-chain polymer and is represented by ÀCH2 CH2 CH2 À or ½ÀCH2 CH2 Àn ð1:1:1Þ where the structural (or repeat) unit is ÀCH2ÀCH2À and n represents the chain length of the polymer. Polymers are obtained through
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Chapter 9 The World of Plastics and Polymers Overview • Plastics are all around us – Polymers‚ materials whose molecules consist of long chain of atoms • Natural • Synthetic • Use of material and impact on economy‚ lifestyle‚ and leisure – Word plastic to some carry connotation “cheap” or “tacky” – Synthetic polymers revolutionised modern life • eg plastics become important in automobile industry‚ some new plastics stronger than steel and resist corrosion‚ less dense than structural
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Function Functions are basically the exact same as subroutines‚ except that they return a value. That means that the function itself has a type‚ and the function will return a value to the calling subroutine based on the code that it contains. An example of this would be a function that adds two numbers‚ shown below. A function is declared the exact same way as a subroutine‚ except using the "Function" keyword instead of "Sub". To return a value‚ assign a value of the proper type to the function’s
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INTERCHAPTER S Synthetic Polymers The formation of nylon by a condensation polymerization reaction at the interface of water and hexane‚ two immiscible solvents. The lower water layer contains the compound hexanedioyl dichloride‚ Cl C(CH2)4C O O Cl hexanedioyl dichloride The reaction produces nylon and HCl(aq). The polymer forms at the interface between the two solutions and is drawn out as a continuous strand. University Science Books‚ ©2011. All rights reserved. www.uscibooks.com
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Biodegradation is the breakdown of polymer by microbial organism such as bacteria‚ fungi etc. into smaller compounds. The microbial organisms degrade the polymer through metabolic or enzymatic processes. Synthetic plastics are resistant to degradation‚ and consequently their disposal is fuelling an international drive for the development of biodegradable polymers. A variety of natural‚ synthetic‚ and biosynthetic polymers are bio and environmentally degradable. A polymer based on a C-C backbone tends
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POLYMER COCNCRETE 1. Introduction Despite being thought of as a modern material‚ concrete has been in use for hundreds of years. The word concrete comes from the Latin concretus‚ which means “mixed together” or compounded. Concrete is an extremely popular structural material due to its low cost and easy fabrication. Concrete is made up of sand or stone‚ known as aggregate‚ combined with cement paste to bind it. Aggregate can be of various sizes. It is broadly categorized as fine (commonly
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CONDUCTING POLYMERS By Colin Pratt INTRODUCTION Until about 30 years ago all carbon based polymers were rigidly regarded as insulators. The idea that plastics could be made to conduct electricity would have been considered to be absurd. Indeed‚ plastics have been extensively used by the electronics industry because of this very property. They were utilized as inactive packaging and insulating material. This very narrow perspective is rapidly changing as a new class of polymer known as intrinsically
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polypropylene Part A. Injection molding of polypropylene samples for mechanical testing. Introduction Injection molding is the most productive and popular polymer processing techniques. Almost 70% of all plastic parts are made using injection molding. Injection molding of plastics is a process similar to die casting of metals. Molten polymer is injected under pressure into a mold. Method Put the plastic material (Polypropylene) in granular form into the hopper. Set the injection molding
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Figure 3.8: Block Diagram of Soil at Shrinkage Limit 3.13.2 TABULATION AND RESULTS Data and observation sheet for Consistency Limits determination: Shrinkage Limit Performed for __________________ Location __________________________ Project ________________________ Job No. ___________________________ Boring No. ______________ Sample No. _____________ Depth _________ Description of soil __________________________________________________________ Performed by __________________________
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