Transformation is a process which involves plasmid DNA being bound to the cell surface and the subsequent uptake of DNA by the cell (Panja et al.‚ 2008). For artificial transformation of E. coli cells with plasmids‚ plasmid DNA has to be extracted from bacterial cells using the High-Speed Plasmid Mini Kit‚ which is then mixed with competent E. coli cells followed by heat shock and the streaking of transformed cells on two different types of agar plate (LB and LB+ampicillin). The extracted plasmid DNA is
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Bacterial Energetics and Membranes Abstract The Mg2+/Ca2+ ATP synthase present in all bacterial membranes‚ particularly E. coli‚ couples ATP synthesis to the proton (H+) gradient produced by the ETC‚ a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. The gradient acts to power the ATPase‚ so that it may phosphorylate ADP to produce ATP. The reverse reaction of this process‚ or hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi‚ may be used to observe ATPase activity when the resulting Pi is quantitatively measured
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(a) Define the term equilibrium potential and use the Nernst equation (see Appendix) to show how the equilibrium potentials for both sodium and potassium are calculated. Equilibrium potential is the potential of the membrane when there is no net flow of ions from one gradient to the other gradient. The ions are equal and are opposite of each other but not moving from one side to the other. Sodium: Ena=2.303((8.31 J m-1 K-1)(310K))/((1(= 9.65 x 104 c m-1))(log(150/15))= 61.54 mV Ek=2.303((8
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We also see the effects of stress and depression on the ventral striatum‚ including the nucleus accumbens‚ the later playing a central role in the mechanisms of natural reward. Deep brain stimulation treatment of the nucleus accumbens seemed to be successful. Pittenger and Duman (2008) do note that study of plasticity in this pathway under conditions of stress and depression‚ while sparse‚ represents an important component of any comprehensive view of the relationship between stress‚ depression and
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D) Only A and B are true. E) A ‚ B‚ and C are true. 3. From the perspective of the cell receiving the message‚ the three stages of cell signaling are A) the paracrine‚ local‚ and synaptic stages. B) signal reception‚ signal transduction‚ and cellular response C) signal reception‚ nucleus disintegration‚ and new cell generation. D) the alpha‚ beta‚ and gamma stages. E) signal reception‚ cellular response‚ and cell division. 4. When a cell releases a signal molecule
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part of the model. Describe each of the two main categories: integral proteins peripheral proteins 8. Use Figure 7.9 to briefly describe major functions of membrane proteins. Function Description Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM 9. Membrane carbohydrates are important in cell-cell recognition. What are two examples of this? Distinguish between glycolipids and glycoproteins.
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receptors (GPCRs) and/or transmembrane guanylyl cyclase (GCY) that serve as the first interface between the external environment and the nervous system (Fielenbach and Antebi‚ 2008). Upon receiving environmental signals‚ two downstream neurosensory transduction systems are initiated‚ one uses cGMP (converted from GTP by GCY in response to G-protein signaling or extracellular ligands) as a second messenger to activate cGMP-gated ion channels; the other one uses TRPV channels. Moreover‚ sensory homeostasis
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BIOLOGY 1406 REVIEW FOR EXAM II Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell I. The microscope A. Differences between light microscope‚ scanning and transmission electron microscope B. Relationship between magnification‚ resolution and contrast II. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells III. Know parts of the cells‚ their structure and function A. The nucleus B. Ribosomes C. Endomembrane system 1. Nuclear envelope 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) a. Rough ER-has
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AP Biology Mid-Term Study Guide 2015 Monitha Patel Chemical Bonding Compounds Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two or more different atoms Molecule Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds Ionic Electron attraction between two atoms Cations (+1) and Anions (-1) attract Covalent Sharing of valance electrons between atoms Nonpolar Electrons are shared equally O2 Polar Covalent Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms Two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen
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the cerebrum‚ hippocampus‚ and thalamus Learning‚ memory‚ transmitting sensory data through thalamus Receptors and Neurons Receptors are cells that convert stimulus energy into electrical signals conversion of one medium to another is called transduction They first convert stimulus energy into graded changes in membrane potential For instance‚ it may fire APs or release neurotransmitters Each receptor has an adequate stimulus the form of stimulus that it is most responsive to Receptors can
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