4Car carried out real-world fuel economy tests on eight low-emissions cars and all failed to meet the official figures. Three cars were as much as 10mpg short of the published fuel consumption rates. The tests examined the Golf Bluemotion‚ Skoda Fabia Greenline‚ Mini Cooper D‚ Honda Civic Hybrid‚ Toyota Aygo‚ Ford Focus Econetic‚ Fiat 500 1.2‚ BMW 118d‚ all of which are regarded as low emissions/fuel economy models. The Golf Bluemotion got closest to its official figures in the 4Car tests
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CH 202 Breakdown UV/Vis: Molecules containing π-electrons or non-bonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb the energy in the form of ultraviolet or visible light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals. The more easily excited the electrons (i.e. lower energy gap between the HOMO and the LUMO)‚ the longer the wavelength of light it can absorb. Conjugation raises the energy of the bonding orbitals and lowers the energy of the antibonding molecular orbital. This
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Background NMR spectroscopy is a well established method for structure determination of various organic molecules ranging from small molecules all the way up to large bio-molecules such as proteins‚ DNA and polysaccharides. The chemical environment surrounding each atom as well their proximity to other atoms in a molecule can be studied with various experiments‚ enabling high-resolution 3D-structure determinations as well as verification of the chemical structure. NMR spectroscopy is well suited
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Module 2 Mass Spectroscopy [pic] [pic] Diagram of a mass spectrometer Stage 1: Ionisation The sample is injected as a vapour and the atoms are bombarded by fast moving electrons. This causes the molecule to fragment into two or more pieces. When a molecule or part thereof fragments‚ one portion would be positively charged while the second portion will be uncharged. All uncharged fragments are ultimately lost in the machine as mass spectrometers only work with positive ions. Stage 2: Acceleration
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Callam 1/8 CHEM – 254 – WI -2009 Problem Set #1 – IR Spectroscopy - KEY 1. Which of the indicated bonds absorbs at the higher frequency in an IR spectrum? a. O or OH C=O > C-O b. N or NH C=N > C-N c. H or H C-H sp2 > C-H sp3 Callam 2/8 CHEM – 254 – WI -2009 2. What major IR absorptions are present above 1500 cm-1 for each compound? a. b. O sp3 C-H stretch 2950 C=O - ketone 1715 cm-1 cm-1 c. O sp3 C-H stretch 2950 cm-1 sp3 C-H stretch 2950 cm-1
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INTRODUCTION Radioactive emissions are electromagnetic radiations which occur due to the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei. Natural elements with atomic number greater than 83 and isotopes of some lighter elements are found to be radioactive. They are categorized as alpha‚ beta and gamma radiations. Alpha particles are positively charged helium-4 nuclei ‚ beta particles are high energy-high speed electrons while gamma rays unlike alpha and beta radiation have no mass and charge and
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cName: Nicholas Cassel Gen Chem 1210 23 March 2013 Blinded By the Light Abstract: In this experiment we were provided a cereal box spectrometer to observe the emission lines of noble gases and hydrogen. Based on the scale readings on the spectrometer and the Balmer-Rydberg formula‚ their wavelengths and percent error were able to be extrapolated. Based on the literature values‚ the cereal box spectrometer proved its value as a decently accurate spectrometer. Introduction: Every element
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INTRODUCTION: In atomic spectroscopy the samples are vaporized at 2000-8000k. The process of this involves two steps ‚ one is atomization of sample and the other is absorption of light radiation from light source. The atoms in the vapour are measured by absorption or emission at characteristic wave lengths. The main usage of this was to detect one element from another in the complex sample which has taken ie.‚ it has ability to perform multiple element analyses. Absorbance should obey Beer’s law
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Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications 2.3.6 Advantages 2.3.7 Computers 2.3.8 Spectra 2.4 Transmission Methods 2.4.1 Liquids and Solutions 2.4.2 Solids 2.4.3 Gases 2.4.4 Pathlength Calibration 2.5 Reflectance Methods 2.5.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.2 Specular Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.3 Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.4 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 2.6 Microsampling Methods 2.7 Chromatography–Infrared Spectroscopy 2.8 Thermal Analysis–Infrared Spectroscopy 2.9 Other
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As a policy maker concerned with correcting the effects of gases‚ and particulates emitted by and local power plant. 1. What two policies could you use to reduce the total amount of emissions? Two of the most common methods of controlling and reducing emissions are incentives and penalties. These incentives and penalties can affect everyone from the general public to large‚ multinational companies. 2. Why do you think they each would work? Those who use more green methods in their everyday
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