back to a single base- Morphine. Morphine comes from Opium‚ the resinous substance found inside the fruit of the opium poppy. Once the opium is harvested‚ its three main alkaloids (alkaloids are basically a biochemical found in plants) are separated into:Morphine‚ Codeine‚ Thebaine. Morphine and Codeine are the only two alkaloids which can be converted into Heroin. Thebaine is the base for bupenephrine which is a very strong narcotic pharmacologically and is mostly used in the treatment of opiate/opiod
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of the standard caffeine with the sublimate is 229°C. Introduction The active ingredient that makes tea and coffee valuable to humans is caffeine. Caffeine is an alkaloid; a class of naturally occurring compounds containing nitrogen and having the properties of an organic amine base. Caffeine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in over 60 plant species. Caffeine belongs to a family of naturally occurring compounds known as xanthines. The xanthines‚ which come from plants‚ are possibly
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PHARMACOGNOSY REVIEWER In pharmacognosy‚ drugs may be classified based on morphology‚ chemical constituents and therapeutic applications (NOT price in the market) Factors that influence secondary constituent: heredity‚ ontogeny‚ environment Chromatography: process based on distribution of mixture between 2 phases General Information Discoverers/Scientists Joseph Caventou & Pelletier Quinine antimalarial Pierre Robiquet Codeine/Narcotine Philip Geiger & Rudolf Brandes Hyoscyamine and
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INTERNATIONALE PHARMACEUTICA SCIENCIA | Jan-March 2011 | Vol. 1 | Issue 1 | Available online http://www.ipharmsciencia.com ©2011 IPS REVIEW ARTICLE Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review ABSTRACT Plants are a source of large amount of drugs comprising to different groups such as antispasmodics‚ emetics‚ anti-cancer‚ antimicrobials etc. A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people
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shaking limbs and muscle pains in the back or neck before the victim experiences severe agony and seizures.(vii) Most of the alkaloid poisons cause stomach pain‚ and many produce seizures‚ delirium and hallucinations‚ all of which are described in Alexander’s case. However‚ the list of poisons that could have killed Alexander can be shortened considerably because many of the alkaloid toxic plants also produce severe vomiting and intense headaches that are not
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The size of the pharmaceutical market in Pakistan is Rs.101 Billion (USD 1.2 Billion) and it is growing at a rate of about 12 - 15% per annum. There are presently 448 manufacturing units in Pakistan and there are 28 multinational companies operating in the country which have a 50% market share‚ suggesting that the market is quality-sensitive. Export of pharmaceuticals is limited‚ presently worth only USD 100 million‚ and these are destined mainly for African‚ Central Asian and South-East Asian countries
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Investigatory Projects Pinus insularis cones and Salix babylonica as Active ingredients in a Mosquito Repellant Abstract. Mosquitoes have pestered land and vertebrates for millions of years. Commercial insecticides available today‚ however‚ are not environment-friendly and may be expensive. This Study aimed to develop an environment-friendly‚ safe‚ effective‚ and cheap mosquito repellant. Pinus insularis (pine cones) and Salix babylonica (weeping willow) leaves were gathered from different
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Abstract: Today medicinal plants with their respective standardized extracts‚ provide infinite opportunities for new drug leads because of the unrivaled availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs‚ seeking therapeutic drugs from biologically active plants. The propose of green and sustainable extraction methods of natural products is currently a hot research topic in the multidisciplinary area of applied chemistry. The focus of this
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S.‚ Benveniste‚ J.‚ et al. (1995). Treatment of carrageenan induced arthritis by the platelet activating factor antagonist BN 50730. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ‚ 140-143. Hisiger‚ S.‚ & Jolicoeur‚ M. (2007). Analysis of Catharanthus roseus alkaloids by HPLC. Phytochemistry Reviews ‚ 207-234. James‚ S. A.‚ Bilbiss‚ L.‚ & Muhammad‚ B. Y. (2007). The Effects of Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don 1838 Aqueous Leaf Extract on some liver enzymes‚ serum proteins‚ and vital organs. Science World Journal
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Acacia (/əˈkeɪʃə/ or /əˈkeɪsiə/)‚ also known as a thorntree‚ whistling thorn or wattle‚ is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to thesubfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae‚ described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1773 based on the African speciesAcacia nilotica. Many non-Australian species tend to be thorny‚ whereas the majority of Australian acacias are not. All species are pod-bearing‚ with sap and leaves often bearing large amounts of tannins and condensed tannins that historically
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