26. THE “WESTERNIZING” OF RUSSIA pgs 234-245
Muscovy turned into modern Russia
Russia = northern Asia and Eastern Europe
Converted to Greek Orthodox branch of Christianity
Geography made it commercially hard with Western Europe
(1462-1505) Ivan III threw off Mongol rule
(1682-1725) Tsar Peter the Great underwent closer European relations
Europeanizing/Westernizing Russia = expansion of European civilization; purpose was to gain scientific, technical, military knowledge from West = blend of [non]European traits
Russia before Peter the Great
Group of people distinguished by language
(c. 1450-1650) Russians reached Baltic/Black seas
Conquered Volga Tartars > crossing Ural Mts. to build towns, river systems in Siberia
Settlements extended 5,000 miles across northern Asia
Trade between England and Muscovy
Women were secluded, men seemed exotic, crude customs, life was not valued, Russian church did not support education/respect for humanity = “Medieval Mind” of Europeans
Feudalism – power in ruler or ruler’s gov’t bodies?
(1533-1584) Tsar Ivan the Terrible – did not wish problems in Muscovy like in Poland
(1604-1613) Time of Troubles - time of civil wars/chaos
(1613-1917) Romanov dynasty set up absolute monarchs
Serfdom was popular and lords had lots of power over peasants
(1667) Uprising against lost freedom
Russian Orthodox Church was for political use but eventually set up independent Russian patriarch of their own
(1650s) Russian patriarch made reforms > distrust to church and gov’t in Russia
(after 1700) no new patriarch appointed
Peter the Great formed the Holy Synod and Procurator of Holy Synod to secularize church
Peter the Great: Foreign Affairs and Territorial Expansion
(1682-1725) Peter the Great became tsar
(1697-1698) hired Europeans for service in Russian army to defend against West
(1697) allied with Poland and Denmark to partition (make a barrier against) Sweden
Reformed the army and beat Charles XII’s Swedish invasion
Won many lands in wars deeper into Europe
Russian army was build up with Europeans/Russians and restrained Russian rebellions, drove Swedes out, and held Russia together
Established St. Petersburg, later called Leningrad
Internal Changes under Peter the Great
NEED MORE $$ = Taxes imposed mainly on peasants
Mercantilism adopted; exports, mining, serfdom!!! – economy relied on labor
Established new administration: top was tsar and below were senate and governments
State Service – all land/serf owners required to serve in army or administration no matter what class
Revolutionary: required for all gentry to put sons in school, send many abroad to study, simplified Russian alphabet, edited first newspaper, enforced manners/good conduct, SECULAR
The Results of Peter’s Revolution
Mixed public opinion
Church = NO!
His methods sped up progress and revolutionary changes
Russia came out of isolation
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