CHAPTERS 1-5: • Narrator introduces himself as a detective and claims he craves truth but lies • Manipulates his suspects into giving in and giving him the confession he wants • His name is Adam Robert Ryan • He grew up Knocknaree, Ireland • Book opens and it is 1984 • His best friends were Peter Savage and Jamie Rowan • Went into the woods to play but did not return in time for tea and as the night dragged on their parents grew worried and finally called the police • Adam Ryan was the only one who was found: 4 gashes in his shirt, legs all cut up, shoes soaked in blood, petrified and in shock • No DNA testing in Ireland at the time but blood is believed to be from a 4th person • Jamie and Peter are never found • Adam moves to London for boarding…
A Separate Peace’ by John Knowles is a coming-of-age novel of two young boys, Gene and Finny who live in a dormitory. The story is set in the backdrop of World War II and looks at the trials and tribulations of growing up. The story is narrated in flashback through its protagonist Gene. Gene goes back to Devon and remembers prominent landmarks in his dorm from several years back. He also remembers the people and events associated with them, especially his best friend and foe, Finny.…
The dissolution of the monasteries had not attracted significant opposition elsewhere but was an important factor in the Pilgrimage of Grace, which was the only major rebellion of Henry’s reign. The Pilgrimage of Grace was the central event in a series that took place in 1536, firstly in Lincolnshire and the across Yorkshire and the north-west. Some would argue that this rebellion was not a major threat and did not damage Henry but there were underlying issues including Henry’s relationship with the Pope and his reliance on the rebels loyalty to Robert Aske and the monasteries that contributed to the result.…
Pilgrimage of Grace was a protest whereas the marchers opposed the doings and new governmental policies of Thomas Cromwell. Thomas Cromwell, after the Act of Supremacy imposed by the head of the Anglican Church, Henry Viii, was put in charge. His rule resulted in a series of new laws including taxes, they expansion of royal power in England, the dissolution of the monasteries, and the confiscation of Catholic Church lands.…
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519; resulted in the “protesters” forming several new Christian denominations, including Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England…
The "Oath of Honorable Men" the participants must take says, "You shall not enter into our Pilgrimage of Grace for worldly gain. Do so for the love of God, for the Holy Catholic Church militant....(Doc. 1)." This oath shows that the members of the Pilgrimage must only protest for the Catholic Church, not for their own gain. The members must do this through their love for God. At the time protestants and catholics had very different views and religion was a source of tension, even though both groups are Christians. In a petition presented to the King's Council, written by Robert Aske in December of 1536, many things are asked of the Council. "To have the supreme head of the Church be the Pope in Rome as before (Doc. 5)." Henry VII had become the head of the Church by the Act of Supremacy in 1534. The demonstrations and protests of the Pilgrimage of Grace were in part reactions to this act. The Pope had been the face of the Church for past centuries. Now, the King, a protestant political figure head, was also the leader of the Church. This was a major concern of the Catholics who started these armed demonstrations. After the petition, a random pamphlet attributed to…
It is important however to remember that the pope had never had much direct political power in England. He had no army and no proper tax base therefore he could not invade except through an alliance with secular allies. Indeed he blocked Henry 's dispensation to divorce Catherine of Aragon, but a king who was less worried about his soul and his wife’s nephew, the emperor, invading would probably just have ignored his commands. The king had also always had lots of power over the church. Political partnerships between kings, their bishops and abbots had always been a feature of the church, and this war true throughout the period 1485-1529. Henry VII enjoyed a very close relationship with the church through Cardinal John Morton, who was not only Archbishop of Canterbury but enjoyed secular power too as Lord Chancellor. Bishop Richard Foxe was also important to Henry Tudor and these senior figures of the clergy helped Henry develop his tax policies, while at the same time, Benefit of Clergy and other privileges of the church were untouched by the king. This close relationship between church and crown continued for the first twenty years of Henry CIII’s reign, as demonstrated by his long reliance and trust for Cardinal…
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a multi-class uprising as shown in (Doc 10) and was one of the first time that many of these social groups came together under one banner and fought for one cause .The Pilgrimage sought to restore the Pope as the head of the church of England. But the enactment of the Supremacy act in 1534 by the King made him the head of the church in England, many men feared that this Protestant Reformation would lead to the destruction of England and sought to restore the pope as the head of the church in England. These "honorable men" who participated in this march took a oath as stated in (Doc 1) to make sure they were only participating to restore the pope as the head of the church in England and not for some other personal or selfish reasons.…
When Martin Luther posted the 95 theses in 1517, he had changed the entire path of European politics and religion. He sparked a thought in the region that in many cases, converted people’s basic Christian beliefs. At the time, the Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful Institution. However, there were many corruptions and problematic doctrines, which Luther opposed. Though most commoners became followers because of faith, political leaders sometimes became protestant for other reasons. One important figure that was influenced by this protestant reformation was King Henry VIII of England. A monarch, he had a great desire to have a son that would be his heir, the next king. Unfortunately, his first wife was only able to birth one daughter. By then Henry VIII had formed a relationship with another woman. This one promised him a son. However, the Catholic Church forbade divorce and Henry VIII was Catholic at the time. To resolve this issue, England separated from the church and began the Anglican Church, a church headed by Henry VIII himself. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 officially began England’s Protestant Reformation. With this new power of the state over the church, the head of the King’s Council, Thomas Cromwell, carried out new government policies which included new taxes, increased power of the monarchy in Northern England, dissolution of Roman Catholic monasteries, and confiscation of the lands that belong to the Church. Enraged, commoners and nobles alike began marching and protesting in what was known collectively as the Pilgrimage of Grace. These individuals that numbered in the tens of thousands, marched for political and religious reasons, while the opposition also claimed political and religious reasons for the protests to stop.…
The Pilgrimage of Grace started because many people were dissatisfied with King Henry VIII's actions. The King's decisions to form a new religion sparked a controversy with the devout Catholics, but others were angry, not necessarily with the religion aspect, but just with the mannerisms of the King. For example, the King's decision to make a new religion without a Pope was not revered by some men because they strongly disagreed with heresy. Other people believe that the King was being unfair when he took away their land for his own benefit and profited from it. Some people believe that the King made inexcusable decisions on his behalf, while others believe the King was justified in his decisions.…
What two locations- which he describes as “fearful’- does the narrator visit? How does he describe each? The narrator describes the marble staircase and the tree as “fearful” sites, he describes the marble staircase as being “unusually hard” and “not very deep” (3), and the tree as having “certain small scars rising along its trunk’ and as the tree being “the giants of your childhood” (6).…
Throughout history, Thomas Becket has been regarded as Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Martyr, and Saint. He was a friend of Henry II, and when Henry II became King, he appointed Thomas Becket as his chancellor in 1154. Eight years later, as Becket and Henry II’s relationship grew stronger, Henry II wanted to gain greater control over the English Church so he appointed his chancellor Becket to the position of Archbishop of Canterbury as well. Although Becket was reluctant at first, he accepted the position. However, soon after things started to turn sour.…
When Henry VIII became King of England, he was a Catholic and had no problems with the rules of the church. However he was a man lustful for power and wanted this power to last so of course he would need a son, which his wife couldn’t give him at the time. Also influencing him was the fact that the churches in Europe were divided into Protestant and Catholic, Protestant by Martin Luther and Catholic by the pope.…
“There is a tyranny in the womb of every utopia” ( Bertrand De Jouvenel). During the late 1500’s, King Henry VIII split away from the catholic church and put himself as head of the independent church of England, so that he could have a divorce. In those times to get a divorce he needed to ask the pope for permission, but the pope refused to allow it. This conflict was the reason why the king decided to break away from the church. Many people lost their lives during this time period, Because king Henry VIII would remove and execute anyone who opposed him, or anyone who went against the changes of the church and his marrige . Due to these circumstance People were left with very few options and some decided to Fleet England to search for…
The beginning of the Investiture Conflict was due to eleventh-century papacy's attack on the clerical abuses of simony, clerical marriage, and lay investiture. According to canon law, bishops were supposed to be elected by the clergy of the diocese, but in practice, anointed kings who claimed themselves to be God’s vicars, appointed bishops and invested them with the symbols of their spiritual and temporal authority, which made power of the popes been challenged. To promote the idea of papal monarchy, reformers seized the opportunity to take the papacy by force while the king, Henry IV, was still a child and could not react. When Henry IV reached adulthood, he continued to appoint his own bishops, while be busy putting down rebellions at the same time. In 1075, after Henry IV won a resounding military victory over the Saxon rebellions, as a position of strength, he resumed his campaign to restore royal authority. As a result, Dictatus Papae appeared in the register of Gregory’s letters, which used to emphasize the power of the pope, and to threaten king Henry’s misbehavior. This attack on the kingship was a challenge to the social order and a threat to the authority of every ruler in Western Christendom. (Bennett, pg. 208) Henry IV reacted to this declaration by sending Gregory VII a letter in which he withdrew his imperial support of Gregory as pope. In the letter, Henry thought that the kingship is “granted by God” but not received from Gregory. Gregory could not interfere his appointment of bishops and abbots. He also quoted what true pope Saint Peter exclaims “Fear God, honor the king” to refute what Gregory said to him. Letters had been passed back and forth between emperor and pope. By the end of 1076 both the emperor and the pope had declared each other excommunicated and deposed from office. After Henry was excommunicated, German princes were happy to hear of it. They used the…