youth crime
Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, or youth crime, is participation in illegal behavior by minorsﾧ(juveniles) (individuals younger than the statutoryﾧ age of majorityﾧ).[1] Most legal systemsﾧ prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centersﾧ, and courtsﾧ. A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults.
In recent years in the US the average age for first arrestﾧ has dropped significantly, and younger boys and girls are committing crimes. Between 60–80% percent of adolescentsﾧ, and pre-adolescents engage in some form of juvenile offense.[2] These can range from status offensesﾧ (such as underage smoking), to property crimesﾧ and violent crimesﾧ. The percent of teens who offend is so high that it would seem to be a cause for worry. However, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior.[2]This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, and only during adolescence. It is when adolescents offend repeatedly or violently that their offending is likely to continue beyond adolescence, and become increasingly violent. It is also likely that if this is the case, they began offending and displaying antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence.[3]
Contents
[hideﾧ]
1 Typesﾧ
1.1 Sex differencesﾧ
1.2 Racial differencesﾧ
2 Risk factorsﾧ
2.1 Individual risk factorsﾧ
2.2 Family environment and peer influenceﾧ
3 Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquencyﾧ
3.1 Rational choiceﾧ
3.2 Social disorganizationﾧ
3.3 Strainﾧ
3.4 Differential associationﾧ
3.5 Labelingﾧ
3.6 Social controlﾧ
4 Juvenile delinquents diagnosed with mental/conduct disordersﾧ
5 Preventionﾧ
6 Critique
In recent years in the US the average age for first arrestﾧ has dropped significantly, and younger boys and girls are committing crimes. Between 60–80% percent of adolescentsﾧ, and pre-adolescents engage in some form of juvenile offense.[2] These can range from status offensesﾧ (such as underage smoking), to property crimesﾧ and violent crimesﾧ. The percent of teens who offend is so high that it would seem to be a cause for worry. However, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior.[2]This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, and only during adolescence. It is when adolescents offend repeatedly or violently that their offending is likely to continue beyond adolescence, and become increasingly violent. It is also likely that if this is the case, they began offending and displaying antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence.[3]
Contents
[hideﾧ]
1 Typesﾧ
1.1 Sex differencesﾧ
1.2 Racial differencesﾧ
2 Risk factorsﾧ
2.1 Individual risk factorsﾧ
2.2 Family environment and peer influenceﾧ
3 Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquencyﾧ
3.1 Rational choiceﾧ
3.2 Social disorganizationﾧ
3.3 Strainﾧ
3.4 Differential associationﾧ
3.5 Labelingﾧ
3.6 Social controlﾧ
4 Juvenile delinquents diagnosed with mental/conduct disordersﾧ
5 Preventionﾧ
6 Critique
References: editﾧ] 6 Jump up^ﾧ Siegel, Larry J.; Welsh, Brandon (2011) 7 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ dﾧ eﾧ fﾧ gﾧ hﾧ Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence(8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.ISBNﾧ 9780073405483ﾧ. 8 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ Moffitt (2006). "Life course persistent versus adolescent limited antisocial behavior". In Cicchetti, D.; Cohen, D. Developmental Psychopathy (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. 9 Jump up^ﾧ Woolard; Scott (2009). "The legal regulation of adolescence". In Lerner, R.; Steinberg, L. Handbook of Adolescent psychology 2 (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 345–371. ISBNﾧ 9780470149225ﾧ. 10 Jump up^ﾧ Aguilar, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 2000 11 Jump up^ﾧ Violence by Teenage Girls: Trends and Contextﾧ, Office of Justice Programs, U.S 12 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ dﾧ eﾧ Eadie, T.; Morley, R. (2003). "Crime, Justice and Punishment". In Baldock, J.; et al. Social Policy (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBNﾧ 0199258945ﾧ. 13 Jump up^ﾧ Brown, S. (1998) Understanding Youth and Crime (Listening to youth?), Buckingham: Open University Press. Page 109 14 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ dﾧ eﾧ Walklate, S (2003) 15 Jump up^ﾧ Study Reveals Specific Gene in Adolescent Men with Delinquent Peersﾧ Newswise, Retrieved on October 1, 2008. 16 Jump up^ﾧ Steffensmeier; Schawrtz; Zhong; Ackerman (2005). "An assessment of recent trend in girl 's violence using diverse longitudinal sources: Is gender gap closing?".Criminology 43 (2): 355–406. doiﾧ:10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00011.xﾧ. 17 Jump up^ﾧ Cauffman; et al. (2008). "Bad boys or poor parents: Relations to female juvenile delinquency". Journal on Research on Adolescence 18 (4): 119–142.doiﾧ:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00577.xﾧ. 19 Jump up^ﾧ Aaron, L.; Dallaire, D. H. (2010). "Parental Incarceration and Multiple Risk Experiences: Effect on Family Dynamics and Children 's Delinquency". Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39 (12): 1471–1484.doiﾧ:10.1007/s10964-009-9458-0ﾧ. 20 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ dﾧ eﾧ Farrington, D. P. (2002). "Developmental criminology and risk-focused prevention". In Maguire, M.; et al. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBNﾧ 0199256098ﾧ. 21 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ dﾧ eﾧ Bartol, Curt & Bartol, Anne (2009).Juvenile Delinquency and Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Perspective, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 22 Jump up^ﾧ "Juvenile Arrest and Collateral Educational Damage in the Transition to Adulthood"ﾧ.JournalistsResource.org, retrieved June 18, 2012 23 Jump up^ﾧ Kirk, David S.; Sampson, Robert J 24 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ dﾧ eﾧ fﾧ gﾧ Graham, J. & Bowling, B. (1995). Young People and Crime, Home Office Research Study No. 145, London: Home Office. 25 Jump up^ﾧ Dodge et el., (2003), A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 349-371 26 Jump up^ﾧ Monea J, Thomas A (June 2011) Cheng D, Schwarz E, Douglas E, et al. (March 2009). "Unintended pregnancy and associated maternal preconception, prenatal and postpartum behaviors".Contraception 79 (3): 194-8.doiﾧ:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.09.009ﾧ.PMIDﾧ 19185672ﾧ. Kost K, Landry D, Darroch J. (1998 Mar–Apr). "Predicting maternal behaviors during pregnancy: Does intention status matter?". Fam Plann Perspectives 30 (2): 79-88. doiﾧ:10.2307/2991664ﾧ. 28 Jump up^ﾧ Hare (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems. 30 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ DeLisi, Matt (2005). Career Criminals in Society. London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications. p. 39. ISBNﾧ 1412905532ﾧ. 31 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ Marvin, Wolfgang; Figlio, Robert M.; Sellin, Thorsten (1972). Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. University of Chicago Press. ISBNﾧ 0226905535ﾧ. 32 Jump up^ﾧ Raine, A. (1993). The Psychopathology of Crime: Criminal Behavior as a Clinical Disorder. San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBNﾧ 0125761600ﾧ. 33 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ Dishion & McCord (1999). When interventions harm :Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist, 54, 755-764. 34 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ Barbaree, H. E., Marshall, W. L. (2008). An introduction to the juvenile sex offender:Terms, concepts, and definitions (2nd Ed.). New York: Guilford Press. 35 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ Ryan, G., Lane, S. (Eds.). (1997). Juvenile Sexual Offending: Causes consequences and correction. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 40 ^ Jump up to:aﾧ bﾧ cﾧ dﾧ eﾧ fﾧ gﾧ Snyder, H. M. (November 2008)."Juvenile arrests 2006"ﾧ. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved October 15, 2009. 41 Jump up^ﾧ Righthand, S.; Welch, C. (2004). "Characteristics of youth who sexually offend". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 13 (3): 15–32. doiﾧ:10.1300/J070v13n03_02ﾧ.